{"id":411,"date":"2015-03-13T22:13:19","date_gmt":"2015-03-13T20:13:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=411"},"modified":"2018-05-07T15:06:19","modified_gmt":"2018-05-07T13:06:19","slug":"sandalyeyi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=411","title":{"rendered":"Sandalyeyi kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sandalyeyi kim icat etti<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bulgulara g\u00f6re M.\u00d6. 3000 y\u0131l\u0131nda, eski M\u0131s\u0131r’da baz\u0131 t\u00f6renlerde y\u00fcksek arkal\u0131kl\u0131 sandalyeler kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7inliler sandalyeye “barbar yata\u011f\u0131” derler; \u00c7in’de \u0130S 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sandalye, toplumsal ya\u015famda uzun zaman itibar sahiplerine, ev ya\u015fam\u0131nda evin ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131na ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Japonlar diz \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcp topuk \u00fcst\u00fcnde otururlar; Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n sandalyede oturu\u015fu i\u00e7in “bacaklar\u0131n\u0131 asmak” deyimini kullanan Hindular \u00e7\u00f6melirler; \u0130slam d\u00fcn-yas\u0131nda ba\u011fda\u015f kurulur. Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n resimlerinde, yaz\u0131 yazanlar\u0131n hattatlar gibi ba\u011fda\u015f kurduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Yunan ve Romal\u0131lar\u0131n b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 resimlerden a\u00e7\u0131k bir fikir edinmek zordur ve kaynaklar s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Roma imparator-lu\u011fu d\u00f6neminden kalma g\u00f6rsel malzemede yaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n koltukta oturduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ancak Romal\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130S 2. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Yunanlar\u0131n M.S.\u00a03. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalma r\u00f6lyef ve metinlerinde yaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n sandalyede otururken bile kucaklar\u0131nda ve dizlerinin \u00fcst\u00fcnde yaz\u0131 yazd\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ki a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 kolay de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Masa ya da s\u0131rada yazman\u0131n, resim yapman\u0131n Karolenj \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6neminden itibaren (\u0130S 8.-9. y\u00fczy\u0131llar) ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc ba\u011fda\u015f kurmu\u015f fig\u00fcr\u00fc Buda’d\u0131r. Buda, Bo a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n dibinde ba\u011fda\u015f kurup oturarak nirvanaya burada ula\u015f\u0131r. Buda’n\u0131n insan bi\u00e7iminde ilk tasviri \u0130\u00d6 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buda’n\u0131n kurdu\u011fu ba\u011fda\u015f, vajrasana (vajra: \u015fim\u015fek, elmas ve-ya lotus oturu\u015fu) denilen, ayaklar\u0131n bacaklar\u0131n aras\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve tabanlar\u0131n yukar\u0131 bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imdedir. Buda ikonografisinde \u00e7izilen tablo ile Mezopotamya’n\u0131n ilk uygarl\u0131klar\u0131nda tanr\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n tasvirlerinde benzerlikler vard\u0131r. Tanr\u0131 veya h\u00fck\u00fcmdar tahtta otururken, arkas\u0131nda hayat a\u011fac\u0131, iki yan\u0131nda melekler ve \u00f6n\u00fcnde onun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc onayan tebaas\u0131 resmedilmi\u015ftir. Mezopotamya’da tanr\u0131 veya h\u00fck\u00fcmdar tahtta otururken, \u00c7in Han devri (\u0130\u00d6 202- \u0130S 22) ta\u015f kabartmalar\u0131nda, Hun tasvirlerinde, K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Uygur, Karahanl\u0131 ve Sel\u00e7uklularda tahtta ba\u011fda\u015f kurulur. Tahtta ba\u011fda\u015f kurmak Sasanilerde, \u0130slamiyet \u00f6ncesi \u0130ran’da g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Osmanl\u0131lar da Hz. Muhammed, \u0130sa ve \u00f6teki peygamberlerin veya simgesi g\u00fcne\u015f veya aslan olan, elinde kadeh veya asa bulunan ulu ki\u015filerin ba\u011fda\u015f kurarak resmedildi\u011fi dini minyat\u00fcrlerle ayn\u0131 ikonografiyi devralm\u0131\u015f, s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Yan, arka, k\u00f6\u015fe minderleriyle sedir ve divanlar, peyke ve sayvanlar k\u00f6y evlerinden saraylara, sandallardan faytonlara kadar klasik d\u00f6nemin oturma ara\u00e7lar\u0131d\u0131r. Resmi dairelerde de oturma farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Lady Montagu \u0130stanbul’da (1717) minderlerin rahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131na al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra Avrupa’ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde sandalyeye oturmakta zorluk \u00e7ekece\u011fini yazsa da sandalye T\u00fcrkiye’ye girdi. Kesin bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ten s\u00f6z edilemese de, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda kahvehaneler<\/a> gibi kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k mek\u00e2nlarda minder kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, \u00f6nce arkal\u0131ks\u0131z, al\u00e7ak boylu, has\u0131r iskemlelerin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

K\u0131rsal kesimde iskemleler \u00f6nce evde \u00fcretildi sonra sat\u0131n al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. K\u00f6y kahvelerinde otuz y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine kadar bug\u00fcn kahvehane iskemlesi olarak tan\u0131mlayabilece\u011fimiz klasik sandalyeden daha yayg\u0131n olan bu has\u0131r iskemlelerdi. T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede iskemle ile sandalye s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri birbirinin yerine kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kay\u0131tlarda da bunlar\u0131 ay\u0131rt etmek kolay olmuyor.<\/p>\n

\u0130skemle Latince scamnum’dan t\u00fcretilen scamellum’dan gelir ve Avrupa dillerine de ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Sandalye (sandaliyye) ise Arap\u00e7a sandal a\u011fac\u0131ndan t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Ni\u015fanyan’a g\u00f6re ise Latince sedere oturmak fiilinden \u0130talyanca “sedilia” “oturulan \u015feyler” den geliyor. Eski M\u0131s\u0131r, Yunan ve Roma’n\u0131n kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc sandalyeleri varken, sandalyenin Avrupa’da tekrar kullan\u0131ma girmesi R\u00f6nesans’tan itibaren ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00d6nce uzun s\u0131ralar ve banklar vard\u0131. Koltuk sandalyeden daha eskidir. Sandalyenin tahttan t\u00fcredi\u011fi ve bacaklar\u0131n\u0131n at, \u00f6k\u00fcz ya da fil baca\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten bunlar\u0131 temsil etmesinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131, iktidar simgesi oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u0130spanya’da 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanlar M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 yerde oturduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmserken, H\u0131ristiyan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n sandalyede oturma haklar\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131, sandalye iktidarve stat\u00fc ili\u015fkisinin ve sandalyenin g\u00fcnl\u00fck kullan\u0131m e\u015fyas\u0131 olarak “demokratikle\u015fip” ola\u011fanla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar uzun s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir ba\u015fka kan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Orta s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n daha zengin oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde \u015fezlonglar (Frans\u0131zca “chaise-longue”) vard\u0131; bug\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r kapan\u0131r metal ve plastik piknik sandalyeleri onlar\u0131n yerini tutuyor. Tonet sandalye ad\u0131n\u0131 1796 Prusya do\u011fumlu Michael Thonet’ten al\u0131r. 1819’da at\u00f6lye a\u00e7an Thonet’in tutkal ve vida kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 en aza indiren sandalye modelleri \u00f6nce Liechtenstein saray\u0131na girmi\u015f, 1851’den itibaren Viyana kafelerinde yayg\u0131nla\u015farak b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ancak, Orta\u00e7a\u011f’dan \u00f6nce, arkal\u0131kl\u0131 sandalyelerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok azd\u0131. 1725 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fransa’da Rococo stili d\u00f6\u015feme tarz\u0131 ba\u015flay\u0131nca, arkal\u0131kl\u0131 sandalyelerin say\u0131s\u0131 da artt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sallan\u0131r sandalyeler, 1840’lardan itibaren Atlantik’in her iki yakas\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Madeni sandalyelerin ise daha 1830’lardan itibaren \u0130ngiltere’de sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sandalyeyi kim icat etti Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bulgulara g\u00f6re M.\u00d6. 3000 y\u0131l\u0131nda, eski M\u0131s\u0131r’da baz\u0131 t\u00f6renlerde y\u00fcksek arkal\u0131kl\u0131 sandalyeler kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. \u00c7inliler sandalyeye “barbar yata\u011f\u0131” derler; \u00c7in’de \u0130S 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10346,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[1838,1158,1839],"class_list":["post-411","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ev","tag-iskemle","tag-sandalye","tag-taht"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/411"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=411"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/411\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11547,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/411\/revisions\/11547"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10346"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=411"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=411"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=411"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}