\u00dcniversite Fak\u00fclte denen ilim kollar\u0131ndan meydana gelen\u00a0ve talebelerine belirli ihtisaslar kazand\u0131ran \u00f6\u011fretim ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma kurulu\u015fudur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki manada\u00a0ilk\u00a0\u00fcniversitelere Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler ve Emeviler d\u00f6neminde rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk \u00fcniversite\u00a0ise\u00a0Emev\u00eeler taraf\u0131ndan Fas\u2019\u0131n\u00a0Fez \u015fehrinde 859 senesinde kurulan Keyruvan \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong>‘dir. Bir di\u011fer \u00fcniversite \u00f6rne\u011fi de, 425 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011frenim kurumu olarak, imparator naibi III. Michael taraf\u0131ndan 849 \u00f6\u011frenci ile kurulan “Konstantinopoli \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong>” dir.<\/p>\n Fasta yer alan El-Ezher \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong>, 975 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hala e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim vermeye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n Eski Yunan ve Roma d\u00f6nemlerinde\u00a0b\u00e2z\u0131 y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim te\u015fkil\u00e2tlar\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bunlar\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00e2n\u00e2da \u00fcniversite\u00a0niteli\u011fi yoktur.<\/p>\n Fas, Kurtuba ve G\u0131rnata \u00fcniversiteleri, ilim ve fennin kilise ve piskoposlar\u0131n\u00a0tesirindeki ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na mensup \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeleri olan okullara girmesine vesile olarak, s\u00e2dece\u00a0hukuktan ib\u00e2ret olan \u00f6\u011fretim dal\u0131na t\u0131p, astronomi, il\u00e2hiyat ve benzerlerinin de eklenmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. O\u00a0zam\u00e2na kadar Avrupa krallar\u0131 ve devlet adamlar\u0131 ted\u00e2vi olmak i\u00e7in Kurtuba \u00dcniversitesinin T\u0131p\u00a0Fak\u00fcltesine gelirlerdi.<\/p>\n Hatt\u00e2 d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n d\u00fcz oldu\u011funa inanan Avrupal\u0131lar, Galile<\/a>, Kopernik<\/a>, Newton\u00a0<\/a>d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u0130sl\u00e2m kitaplar\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frenip s\u00f6yleyince onlar\u0131 su\u00e7lu g\u00f6r\u00fcp hapsedecek kadar ilim\u00a0ve fende geriydi.<\/p>\n Ba\u011fdat\u2019taki Niz\u00e2miye Medresesi (1065), Osmanl\u0131lardaki ilk \u00fcniversite olan \u0130znik\u00a0Medresesi (1331) gibi misalleriyle de Sel\u00e7uklular ve Osmanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde h\u0131zla geli\u015fen medrese\u00a0m\u00fcessesesi Tanzimata kadar fen derslerinde de s\u00f6z s\u00e2hibiydi (Bkz. Medrese). Fen dersleri kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca\u00a0ilim ve fenni End\u00fcl\u00fcs Emev\u00eeleri v\u00e2s\u0131tas\u0131yla \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyetinden alan bat\u0131, do\u011fuyu ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0Daha sonra (1863) D\u00e2r\u00fcl-F\u00fcnun ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda te\u015fkil\u00e2tlanan bu y\u00fcksek e\u011fitim-\u00f6\u011fretim m\u00fcessesesi \u00e7e\u015fitli\u00a0safhalardan sonra 1933\u2019te \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi olarak yeniden d\u00fczenlendi.<\/p>\n Bat\u0131da Bologna, Pavia, Revenna ve Paris adlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flayan ilk \u00fcniversiteler uzun s\u00fcre\u00a0psikoposlar\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnde kalmaya devam etti. Hatt\u00e2 Bologna \u00dcniversitesinin rekt\u00f6rleri \u00f6\u011frenciler\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilmekteydi. \u00d6\u011frenciler nation denen d\u00f6rt gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve her grubun lideri rekt\u00f6r\u00fcn Paris \u00dcniversitesinde ise \u00f6\u011frencilerle birlikte \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyeleri de\u00a0o y\u00f6netimde rol al\u0131rlard\u0131. Fakat neticede yine kontrol piskoposlu\u011fundu. Sonralar\u0131 \u00fcniversite rekt\u00f6r\u00fc\u00a0piskoposlu\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 otoritesini sa\u011flayarak \u00f6zerk h\u00e2le geldi. Bunu t\u00e2kiben papal\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayan \u0130ngiliz\u00a0Oxford veCambridge \u00fcniversitelerinden sonra 14. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli Avrupa \u015fehirlerinde \u00fcniversiteler\u00a0kuruldu.<\/p>\n \u00dcniversite<\/b> ya da di\u011fer ad\u0131yla y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim<\/b>, \u00fcniversitelerde ve meslek y\u00fcksekokullarda 2 y\u0131ll\u0131k yap\u0131lan \u00f6\u011fretimdir. Avrupa ve geli\u015fmi\u015f bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinden farkl\u0131 olarak T\u00fcrkiye’deki \u00fcniversiteler mesleki e\u011fitim zorlu\u011funa g\u00f6re en az 3 ya da 4 y\u0131ll\u0131k devaml\u0131 e\u011fitim veren lisans veya fak\u00fclte ve 2 y\u0131ll\u0131k e\u011fitim veren \u00f6n lisans veya meslek y\u00fcksekokulu e\u011fitim programlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve \u00fclkeye g\u00f6re g\u00f6re lisans e\u011fitim s\u00fcresi 5-6 y\u0131ll\u0131k olanlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca “uygulamal\u0131 bilimler y\u00fcksekokulu” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan 4 y\u0131ll\u0131k lisans e\u011fitimi de vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yine T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00f6\u011frencilerin derslere fiziki olarak kat\u0131lma zorunlulu\u011fu olmayan bir \u00f6\u011fretim \u015fekli olan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcniversitesi de ayr\u0131 bir \u00e7e\u015fit e\u011fitim \u015fekli olarak say\u0131labilir. Uzaktan e\u011fitim prensibine dayal\u0131 olan ve son zamanlarda bilgisayar ve internet eri\u015fiminin artmas\u0131yla daha da yayg\u0131nla\u015fan \u00f6\u011fretim bi\u00e7imidir. T\u00fcrkiye’de lisans, \u00f6n lisans ve y\u00fcksek lisans \u00f6\u011fretimleri yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nyan\u0131nda y\u00f6netime kat\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen as\u0131l y\u00f6netici ve s\u00f6z s\u00e2hibi kimseler piskoposluktan\u00a0g\u00f6nderilen ve kan\u00e7\u0131 denen kimselerdi.<\/p>\n