Kalorifer bir binan\u0131n tamam\u0131na ve odalar\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda ve ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesinde \u0131s\u0131tmak i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir merkezi \u0131s\u0131tma sistemidir. Kalorifer sisteminde temel olarak kazanda \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan s\u0131cak su borular arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla peteklere ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. Peteklerden ge\u00e7en s\u0131cak su bulundu\u011fu odaya \u0131s\u0131 yayar. Bir s\u00fcre sonra \u0131s\u0131 kaybetmeye ba\u015flayan su devirdaim pompas\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmak \u00fczere kazana geri d\u00f6ner.<\/p>\n
Merkezi \u0131s\u0131tma olduk\u00e7a eski bir uygulamad\u0131r. Antik Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n ilk merkezi \u0131s\u0131stma sistemini\u00a0geli\u015ftirdikleri tahmin edilmektedir. Efes Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131nda, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan su kanallar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile tap\u0131nak i\u00e7erisinde dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak \u0131s\u0131tma sa\u011flanmaktayd\u0131. Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’ndaki baz\u0131 binalarda, f\u0131r\u0131nlarda \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan havay\u0131, zeminin alt\u0131ndaki bo\u015f alanlardan ge\u00e7iriliyor, duvarlarda\u00a0bulunan\u00a0deliklerden\u00a0odan\u0131n i\u00e7ine s\u0131cak havay\u0131 yayan \u00a0hipokost olarak bilinen bir sistem kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Roma hypokostu, ge\u00e7 Antik \u00c7a\u011f’da ve Emeviler halifeli\u011finde daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekte kullan\u0131lmaya devam etti.\u00a0Daha sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman in\u015faat\u00e7\u0131lar daha basit bir yerden ge\u00e7en boru sistemi kulland\u0131.\u00a0Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda Biga il\u00e7esine (\u00c7anakkale) ba\u011fl\u0131 Kemer K\u00f6y\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Parion Antik Kenti yer al\u0131r. Bo\u011faz\u0131n Anadolu k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n Marmara Denizi’ne do\u011fru a\u00e7\u0131lan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bulunan antik kentte Roma d\u00f6nemine ait bir villada kalorifer sistemi oldu\u011fu tespit edildi.<\/p>\n
Yakla\u015f\u0131k 2.000 y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip olan villan\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz kalorifer tesisat\u0131na benzeyen bir sistemle \u0131s\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edildi. Toprak borularla \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tarak binay\u0131 dola\u015fan \u0131s\u0131nma sistemine zengin Romal\u0131lar\u0131n Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 d\u00f6neminden bu yana kulland\u0131klar\u0131 biliniyordu. ‘Hipokaust’ ad\u0131 verilen bu sistem, zemine in\u015fa edilen bir f\u0131r\u0131n marifetiyle i\u015flemekteydi. F\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretmi\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u0131cak hava s\u00fctunlardan olu\u015fan kanallara aktar\u0131l\u0131yor ve bir baca yard\u0131m\u0131yla evin duvarlar\u0131n aktar\u0131l\u0131yordu. Halka a\u00e7\u0131k hamamlar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan bu mant\u0131k ile so\u011fuk g\u00fcnlerde evlerin \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa da; bu Roma icad\u0131 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130mparatorluk y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda unutulmu\u015ftur.\u00a0Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra, Avrupa’da, neredeyse bin y\u0131ld\u0131r kullan\u0131lan \u0131s\u0131tma sistemi daha ilkel \u015f\u00f6minelere d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n
Klasik d\u00f6nemin en \u00f6nemli mimari eserlerinden say\u0131lan Louvre’nin de bir odas\u0131nda 1642 y\u0131l\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan sistemden, s\u0131cak havan\u0131n devaml\u0131 dola\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla havan\u0131n bozulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle vazge\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n
1600’l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n sonunda buhar enerjisinin bulunmas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra vazge\u00e7ildi. S\u0131cak hava dola\u015fan borulara art\u0131k buhar veriliyordu. Havagaz\u0131 ve akaryak\u0131tta ya\u015fanan geli\u015fmelerden sonra kalorifer yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0\u0130ngiliz yazar Hugh Plat, 1594’te bir sera i\u00e7in buharla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan merkezi \u0131s\u0131tma\u00a0tasarlad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Latince, \u0131s\u0131 anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan ‘calor’ ve ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 anlam\u0131ndaki ‘ferre’ s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinden t\u00fcretilen ‘calorif\u00e9re’ kelimesi 1807’den beri kullan\u0131mdad\u0131r.\u00a0T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’de ise kullan\u0131m\u0131 biraz daha farkl\u0131. Kalorifer, s\u0131cak havay\u0131 \u00fcreten tesisat\u0131n ad\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131nda ‘petek’ olarak bilinen radyat\u00f6re ( radiateur ) de kalorifer deniyor.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131m\u0131na 1685 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu Beyaz\u0131t’taki \u0130shak Pa\u015fa Saray\u0131, 7.600 metrekarelik bir sahada in\u015fa edilen ve 99 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir in\u015faat sonucu bitirilen bir saray olup; d\u00fcnyada kalorifer tesisat\u0131 d\u00f6\u015fenen ilk saray olma \u00fcnvan\u0131na sahiptir.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk s\u0131cak su kalorifer sistemleri Rusya’da Saint Petersburg’daki B\u00fcy\u00fck Peter’in Yaz Saray\u0131n\u0131n (1710-1714) merkezi \u0131s\u0131tmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0\u0130lk kaloriferlerde, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck borulara ihtiya\u00e7 duyan al\u00e7ak bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 su sistemlerini kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu eksikli\u011fi gideren ilk modern s\u0131cak su merkezi \u0131s\u0131tma sistemlerinden biri, 1830’lu y\u0131llarda Londra’da Angier March Perkins taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu.\u00a0\u0130ngiliz Bankas\u0131’n\u0131n Ba\u015fkan\u0131 John Horley “buhar \u0131s\u0131tmal\u0131 sistemle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kaloriferi” konutlarda ilk kullanan ki\u015fi olarak d\u00fcnya tarihine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
St. Petersburg’da ya\u015fayan Prusya do\u011fumlu bir Rus i\u015fadam\u0131 olan Franz San Galli, modern merkezi \u0131s\u0131tman\u0131n son \u015fekillendirilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m olan 1855 ve 1857 aras\u0131nda radyat\u00f6r\u00fc yani kalorifer pete\u011fini icat etti. Viktorya d\u00f6k\u00fcm radyat\u00f6r, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131 ve Amerikal\u0131 Radyat\u00f6r \u015firketleri, ABD ve Avrupa’daki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli radyat\u00f6r pazar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde k\u00f6m\u00fcrle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kalorifer sistemleri yerini do\u011falgaza b\u0131rakmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Temelde ayn\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibine sahiptir.\u00a0Suyu \u0131s\u0131tmak i\u00e7in kalorifer kazan\u0131 yerine do\u011falgaz kombileri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kalorifer bir binan\u0131n tamam\u0131na ve odalar\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda ve ayn\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k derecesinde \u0131s\u0131tmak i\u00e7in olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir merkezi \u0131s\u0131tma sistemidir. Kalorifer sisteminde temel olarak kazanda \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan s\u0131cak su borular arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla peteklere…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[1749,1750,3042],"class_list":["post-4300","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ev","tag-kalorifer","tag-kalorifer-sistemi","tag-petek"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4300"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4300"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4300\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8403,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4300\/revisions\/8403"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4300"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4300"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4300"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}