{"id":4392,"date":"2015-03-02T03:06:19","date_gmt":"2015-03-02T01:06:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=4392"},"modified":"2017-02-18T14:37:43","modified_gmt":"2017-02-18T12:37:43","slug":"milli-marsi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=4392","title":{"rendered":"Milli Mar\u015f\u0131 kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Milli mar\u015flar <\/strong>devletin\u00a0ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n simgesi ve vatanseverlik duygusunun ortaya konulmas\u0131 olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmet ya da halk taraf\u0131ndan onaylanm\u0131\u015f ve genellikle bestelenmi\u015f haliyle a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f, t\u00f6ren gibi etkinliklerde seslendirilen s\u00f6zl\u00fc m\u00fczik par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Eski uygarl\u0131klarda sava\u015fta kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 \u00fcrk\u00fctmek, ka\u00e7\u0131rmak i\u00e7in sadece s\u00f6zl\u00fc ve dansl\u0131 olan mar\u015flar, sonraki y\u0131llarda Peru ve Yeni Zelanda yerlilerinin sesli m\u00fczik aletlerini dahil etmesiyle, di\u011fer \u00fclkeleri de te\u015fvik etmi\u015f ve bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke ayn\u0131 zamanlarda besteciler bularak mar\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 bestelemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk Milli Mar\u015f<\/h2>\n

Bilinen en eski milli mar\u015f;\u00a0\u0130ngiltere’nin ulusal mar\u015f\u0131 olan \u00a0God Save the Queen \u00a0“Tanr\u0131 Krali\u00e7eyi Korusun”\u00a0in tarihi 1740 y\u0131l\u0131na uzanmaktad\u0131r. 1688 Devrimi’nin ard\u0131ndan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen Kral II. James ve Stuart hanedan\u0131n\u0131n taraftarlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 II. George’a ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve s\u00f6ylenmi\u015ftir. \u00a0God Save the Queen \u00a018. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan beri kraliyet t\u00f6renlerinde s\u00f6ylenmekte ve\u00a01825’te ulusal mar\u015f ilan edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Frans\u0131z ulusal mar\u015f\u0131 “Marseillaise” de Frans\u0131z Devrimi’nin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u00a01792’de istihk\u00e2m birli\u011fi komutan\u0131 olan amat\u00f6r m\u00fczik\u00e7i Claude Joseph Rouger de Lisle taraf\u0131ndan bir gecede bestelendi. Ad\u0131 “Ren Ordusu’nun Sava\u015f \u015eark\u0131s\u0131” iken Marsilya’dan gelen g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birliklerden g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilgiyle Marsilyal\u0131 anlam\u0131ndaki \u015fimdiki ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. 1795’te ulusal mar\u015f olarak kabul edildi, Napoleon ve XVIII. Louis zaman\u0131nda 1815 te yasakland\u0131, 1830 Devrimi’nde tekrar kabul edilip III. Napoleon taraf\u0131ndan tekrar yasakland\u0131 ve bu yasak 1879 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcne do\u011fru geldik\u00e7e “ulus olma” iste\u011fiyle bir mar\u015fa sahip olman\u0131n zorunluluk olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmakta, ulus\u00e7uluk ak\u0131m\u0131 yay\u0131l\u0131p toplumsal taban\u0131 geni\u015fledik\u00e7e ihtiya\u00e7 olarak hissedilmektedir. B\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya’ya ba\u011fl\u0131 Gallerin mar\u015f sahibi olmakta g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi toplumsal irade ilgi \u00e7ekici bir \u00f6rnektir. \u015eair ve gazeteci Thomas Jones 1848’de ulusal mar\u015f konusunu g\u00fcndeme getirmi\u015f, 1856’da baba o\u011ful Evan ve James James “Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau” (Atalar\u0131m\u0131n \u00dclkesi) adl\u0131 mar\u015f\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015f ve bu mar\u015f 1858’de pop\u00fcler olmu\u015f, 1860’ta kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Almanya’da da resmi ulusal mar\u015f yoktur ve \u00fc\u00e7 mar\u015f da, “Heil Dir Im Siegerkranz” “Wacht am Rhein” ve “Deutschland \u00dcber , \u00a0Alles” 1914’e kadar e\u015fit tutulmu\u015ftur. Birincisi Prusya imparatoruna do\u011frudan g\u00f6nderme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ulusal co\u015fkuyu kabartmakta yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclmezken, Fransa d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ve daha pop\u00fcler olan ikincisi ile yay\u0131lmac\u0131 siyasete daha uygun olan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc aras\u0131nda fark g\u00f6zetilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Avusturya’da 1797’de Haydn’\u0131n bir bestesi ulusal mar\u015f olarak kabul edilmi\u015fti. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra 1920’de 1933’teki rejim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde ba\u015fka, 1946’da \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra ba\u015fka mar\u015flar benimsendi.<\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ve 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7o\u011funda ulusal mar\u015flar bestelenmi\u015f ya da var olan ezgiler bu amaca uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130stiklal Mar\u015f\u0131<\/h2>\n

Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n Londra Konferans\u0131’n\u0131n g\u00fcndemde oldu\u011fu, \u0130kinci \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc, Asl\u0131hanlar, Dumlup\u0131nar sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi g\u00fcnlerde Birinci B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi “\u0130stiklal Mar\u015f\u0131”n\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Mar\u015f\u0131 Meclis’in veya uzmanlardan olu\u015facak komisyonun se\u00e7mesi, mar\u015f\u0131n komisyonda d\u00fczeltilmesi ve beste yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan komisyona bestecilerin de al\u0131nmas\u0131, mar\u015f\u0131n \u0131smarlama veya halk\u0131n terc\u00fcman\u0131 olmas\u0131 genel kurulda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, mar\u015f\u0131 be\u011fenmeyenlerin el kald\u0131rmay\u0131 reddetti\u011fi iki oylamadan sonra, Mehmet Akif Ersoy\u00a0<\/strong>‘un \u015fiiri 12 Mart 1921’de kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Yirmi d\u00f6rt bestecinin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 beste yar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sava\u015f nedeniyle sonu\u00e7lanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. “\u0130stiklal Mar\u015f\u0131” \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerde farkl\u0131 bestelerle s\u00f6ylenmekteydi. \u00a0Edirne’de Ahmet Yekta Madran, \u0130zmir’de \u0130smail Z\u00fcht\u00fc, \u0130stanbul taraf\u0131nda Zati Arcan, Kad\u0131k\u00f6y taraf\u0131nda ise Ali Rifat \u00c7a\u011fatay’\u0131n besteleri ge\u00e7erliydi. 1924’te Ali Rifat \u00c7a\u011fatay’\u0131n bestesi resmi mar\u015f kabul edildikten sonra 1930’dan itibaren Zeki \u00dcng\u00f6r<\/strong>‘\u00fcn bestesi milli mar\u015f olarak kabul edilerek \u00e7al\u0131nmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemi milli mar\u015f yan\u0131nda askeri mar\u015flar\u0131n, askeri birlik ve okullar ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere okul ve kurum mar\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bestelenip t\u00f6renlerde seslendirildi\u011fi d\u00f6nem oldu.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze gelen en eski mar\u015f 1737 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbula gelen m. de Blainville taraf\u0131ndan notaya al\u0131narak 1767 de Paris’te yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan “Yeni\u00e7eri Mar\u015f\u0131<\/strong>” d\u0131r. Mehter tak\u0131m\u0131 Yeni \u00c7eri oca\u011f\u0131 ile birlikte kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in repertuar\u0131 da unutulmu\u015ftur. Bu g\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131nan mehter mar\u015flar\u0131 \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet d\u00f6neminde bestelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ulusal mar\u015flar, m\u00fczik de\u011ferleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6sterir; ayr\u0131ca s\u00f6z ya da m\u00fczik yazar\u0131, bazen yabanc\u0131 bir milletten olabilir. Siyaset ya da uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerdeki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler de s\u00f6zlerin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesine ya da yeni bir ulusal mar\u015f\u0131n benimsenmesine yol a\u00e7abilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1944’te\u00a0SSCB’de\u00a0Gimn\u00a0Enternasyonal’in yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em>\u00a0Mar\u015f\u0131n yazar\u0131, \u00fcnl\u00fc bir \u015fair ya da bestecidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Milli mar\u015flar devletin\u00a0ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n simgesi ve vatanseverlik duygusunun ortaya konulmas\u0131 olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmet ya da halk taraf\u0131ndan onaylanm\u0131\u015f ve genellikle bestelenmi\u015f haliyle a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f, t\u00f6ren gibi etkinliklerde seslendirilen s\u00f6zl\u00fc m\u00fczik par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. Eski uygarl\u0131klarda…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8475,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[345,22],"tags":[1791,1794,1793,1790,1792],"class_list":["post-4392","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-askeri","category-toplum","tag-istiklal-marsi","tag-mars","tag-marslar","tag-milli-mars","tag-ulusal-mars"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4392"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4392"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4392\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8533,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4392\/revisions\/8533"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8475"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4392"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4392"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4392"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}