{"id":4616,"date":"2015-03-18T06:27:34","date_gmt":"2015-03-18T04:27:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=4616"},"modified":"2018-09-19T16:08:42","modified_gmt":"2018-09-19T14:08:42","slug":"parfumu-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=4616","title":{"rendered":"Parf\u00fcm\u00fc kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Parf\u00fcm kim icat etti?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Parf\u00fcm\u00a0neredeyse insanl\u0131k tarihi kadar eskidir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n ate\u015fi kullanmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte, yanmakta olan \u00e7e\u015fitli bitkilerin yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kokular\u0131 yeniden elde etmek i\u00e7in, bu bitkileri sadece kokular\u0131ndan yararlanmak amac\u0131yla yakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Daha \u00e7ok dinsel t\u00f6renlerde kullan\u0131lan ve yak\u0131lan bitkilerden elde edilen bu kokulu dumanlar bug\u00fcn “parf\u00fcm<\/strong>” olarak bildi\u011fimiz kelimenin de k\u00f6kenini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu kelime Latince “buharla” anlam\u0131na gelen per fuma ifadesinden do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 69-30 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan M\u0131s\u0131r Krali\u00e7esi Kleopatra’n\u0131n ve ondan yakla\u015f\u0131k bin y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Nefertiti’nin parf\u00fcm tarihinin en pop\u00fcler ki\u015filikleri oldu\u011funun s\u00f6ylenmesi sadece her ikisinin de g\u00fczelliklerine saplant\u0131 derecesinde tutkun olmalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaz.<\/p>\n

Eski M\u0131s\u0131r parf\u00fcm\u00fcn ilk defa yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer<\/strong> olarak tarihte yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bilinen en eski \u00f6rnekler, form\u00fclleri en geli\u015fmi\u015f analitik y\u00f6ntemlerle bile ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f olan ve M\u0131s\u0131r’daki de\u011fi\u015fik arkeolojik kaz\u0131larda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kokulu merhemlerdir. Bu \u00f6rneklerden daha yak\u0131n tarihlerde yine M\u0131s\u0131r’da yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ve Plutarkhos’un m\u00fcrr\u00fcsafi, k\u0131na, tar\u00e7\u0131n, ard\u0131\u00e7, hint s\u00fcmb\u00fcl\u00fc, safran, bal, \u00fcz\u00fcm gibi on alt\u0131 bitki ve re\u00e7inenin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan elde edildi\u011fini s\u00f6yledi\u011fi Kyphi, bilinen en eski parf\u00fcm \u00f6rneklerinden biridir. M\u0131s\u0131r’da ki\u015fisel parf\u00fcm kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n da en az din kaynakl\u0131 kullan\u0131mlar kadar yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmektedir. Banyonun g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yer tuttu\u011fu bilinen M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar y\u0131kand\u0131ktan sonra v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131 kokulu ya\u011flarla ovarlard\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n parf\u00fcm yap\u0131m\u0131 ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 konusundaki derin bilgileri \u0130branilere, Asurlulara, Babillilere, Keldanilere, Perslere, Yunanlara, k\u0131sacas\u0131 eski d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn halklar\u0131na h\u0131zla yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bundan d\u00f6rt bin y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce Ninive ve Babil koku ticaretinin merkezi haline gelmi\u015fti. Bir efsaneye g\u00f6re Judith, \u0130brani \u00fclkesini kurtarmak amac\u0131yla Nabukadnezar’\u0131n komutan\u0131 Holofernes’i ba\u015ftan \u00e7\u0131karabilmek i\u00e7in, g\u00fczel kokular\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fcnden yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hz. Muhammed’in tersine, Musa cemaatine g\u00fczel kokular\u0131n ki\u015fisel ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yasaklam\u0131\u015fsa da, buyurdu\u011fu sert cezalar bile yayg\u0131nla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc alamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7inliler<\/strong> ise M.\u00d6.\u00a02300’lerde erkek misk geyi\u011finin salg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yasemin ve lotusla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak parf\u00fcm yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Hindistan da ise yasemin, g\u00fcl, nergis ve s\u00fcmb\u00fclteber gibi \u00e7i\u00e7eklerden kokular haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, ancak kutsal kabul edilen sandal a\u011fac\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn parf\u00fcmlerin esas bile\u015fenini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Kokuyu \u00f6nce tanr\u0131lar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na b\u0131rakan Yunanlar sonralar\u0131 o denli ifrata ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ki, Solon g\u00fczel koku kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yasaklamak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; ama elbette kimse bu yasa\u011f\u0131 ciddiye almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yazma meraklar\u0131 g\u00fczel koku meraklar\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 kalmayan Yunanlar tarihin ilk parf\u00fcm kitab\u0131n\u0131 da kaleme alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. M.\u00d6 2. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Apollonius parf\u00fcm \u00fczerine bilimsel bir eser yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Kapal\u0131 bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcren Yunan kad\u0131nlar\u0131 fazla parf\u00fcm kullanmazlard\u0131; \u00e7o\u011fu zaman fahi\u015fe san\u0131lan ama fahi\u015feden \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131 olan “heteira”lar v\u00fccutlar\u0131n\u0131 kokulu ya\u011flarla ovar, a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 kokulu sularla \u00e7alkalarlard\u0131. Aristoteles<\/a> kokular\u0131 alt\u0131 grupta s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131r: tatl\u0131, ek\u015fi, keskin, ya\u011fl\u0131, ac\u0131 ve pis kokular. Yunanlar g\u00fczel kokularla bedenlerini ve sa\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ovarlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130sa’n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda Roma’da parf\u00fcm kullan\u0131m\u0131 ifrata varm\u0131\u015f, Romal\u0131lar sancaklar\u0131n\u0131, elbiselerini, k\u00f6lelerini, hatta at ve k\u00f6peklerini bile g\u00fczel kokulara bulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Roma’n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Avrupa’da parf\u00fcm kullan\u0131m\u0131 azalmaya ba\u015flarken, Araplarda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n parf\u00fcm merkezi de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir; \u00f6yle ki Arabistan’a “kokular \u00fclkesi” denmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00dcnl\u00fc t\u0131p bilgini \u0130bn-i Sina (980-1036), buhar dam\u0131tmas\u0131n\u0131 ilk geli\u015ftiren ki\u015fi olmu\u015ftur; bu y\u00f6ntem parf\u00fcm\u00fcn uzun s\u00fcre saklanmas\u0131 konusundaki zorluklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1150 y\u0131-l\u0131nda y\u00f6ntemi k\u0131smen geli\u015ftiren Avrupal\u0131lar dam\u0131tma kab\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan s\u0131cak buhar\u0131 so\u011futmu\u015f ve \u00f6nemli \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u00fcnl\u00fc Arap bilgini El Razi, parf\u00fcmle hi\u00e7 de ilgili olmayan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda d\u00fcnya tarihinin en \u00f6nemli ke\u015fiflerinden birini yapm\u0131\u015f ve alkol\u00fc dam\u0131tmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alkol\u00fcn Avrupa’da tan\u0131nmas\u0131yla birlikte, tuvalet suyu (eau de toilet) olarak bilinen alkoll\u00fc parf\u00fcmlerin \u00fcretimi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1370’te kokulu ya\u011flar ve alkolden \u00fcretilen Eau d’Hungrie (Macaristan Suyu) ayn\u0131 zamanda klasik bir afrodizyak olarak da bilinir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Parf\u00fcm kim icat etti?\u00a0 Parf\u00fcm\u00a0neredeyse insanl\u0131k tarihi kadar eskidir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n ate\u015fi kullanmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yla birlikte, yanmakta olan \u00e7e\u015fitli bitkilerin yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kokular\u0131 yeniden elde etmek i\u00e7in, bu bitkileri sadece kokular\u0131ndan yararlanmak amac\u0131yla…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10977,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[1891,1892,1890],"class_list":["post-4616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-moda","tag-koku","tag-mis","tag-parfum"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4616"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4616"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4616\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11821,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4616\/revisions\/11821"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10977"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4616"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4616"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4616"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}