{"id":4706,"date":"2015-03-19T04:18:05","date_gmt":"2015-03-19T02:18:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=4706"},"modified":"2018-02-28T00:43:05","modified_gmt":"2018-02-27T22:43:05","slug":"ickiyi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=4706","title":{"rendered":"\u0130\u00e7kiyi kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alkol\u00fc kim icat etti<\/h2>\n

Alkol\u00fcn\u00a09.-10. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Ortado\u011fu da elde edildi\u011fi tarihi kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7mi\u015fse de, i\u00e7kinin ilk nerede dam\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Alkol, Arap\u00e7a “el-kuhl”\u00a0den gelmektedir. Avrupa’da \u0130talya’n\u0131n kimyasal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fc Salerno t\u0131p okulunda 1100 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00c7in’de veya Sasaniler d\u00f6neminden kalma bilgilere g\u00f6re ikisinin aras\u0131nda bulunan \u0130ran’da ilk ispirtolu i\u00e7ki \u00fcretilmi\u015f olabilir. Aqua vitae (ya\u015fam su-yu) ad\u0131yla ila\u00e7 olarak kalan alkol, 15. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren i\u00e7ki olarak i\u00e7ilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, Fransa’da dam\u0131tma ruhsat\u0131 ilk kez 1514’te sirkecilere verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Avrupa \u015farap ticaretinde aslan pay\u0131n\u0131 ellerinde tutan Hollandal\u0131lar, \u015farab\u0131n bozulma tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 (yanmak ve \u015farap s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinden gelen ve \u0130ngilizcedeki “brandy ‘den brandi bi\u00e7imiyle bildiorniz) “brandewijn” ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri yeni i\u00e7kiyi daha karl\u0131 bulmu\u015flar ve Avrupa’ya yaym\u0131\u015flard\u0131r 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda tah\u0131ldan elde edilen \u00f6teki dam\u0131t\u0131lan i\u00e7ki t\u00fcrleri de \u00fcretilmi\u015f, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda piyasa i\u00e7in \u00fcretim canlanm\u0131\u015f ve teknik geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda pop\u00fclerlik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Her s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kendi i\u00e7kisi ve mek\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 i\u00e7ki\u00a0adab\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar \u00f6nemsendi\u011fini, titizlikle korundu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Ismarlamas\u0131, sofras\u0131, ikram\u0131, kadehiyle donan\u0131m\u0131, i\u00e7me s\u0131ras\u0131 ve \u015ferefe \u00e2deti<\/a>, ortak ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00f6\u011feleriyle i\u00e7ki k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc belirlemeye devam ediyor. Bu adetler direncini korurken, i\u00e7ki de\u011fi\u015fiyor. \u0130\u00e7kideki d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131n\u0131 mayalanm\u0131\u015f i\u00e7kilerden ispirtolu i\u00e7kilere ge\u00e7i\u015f olu\u015fturur. \u015earap, bira gibi mayalanm\u0131\u015f i\u00e7kilerin alkol derecesi, \u00f6tekilerden on kat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck. Yani \u015farap ve biradan cin, viski, konyak ve rak\u0131ya ge\u00e7i\u015f, \u00e7ok daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00e7ok daha fazla sarho\u015f olmak anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Avrupa’da \u015farap, Kuzeyde bira, modern zamanlara kadar evlerde \u00fcretilen ve ciddi beslenme yolu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen i\u00e7kiler. Alman k\u00f6yl\u00fcs\u00fc biran\u0131n \u00e7orbas\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131p i\u00e7erdi. Bu i\u00e7kilerin tarihi, hasat zaman\u0131 t\u00f6renlerine, Dionysos<\/strong> t\u00fcr\u00fc ayinlere kadar gider ve i\u00e7ki kutsan\u0131r. \u0130spirtolu i\u00e7kiler ise, esrar gibi, ila\u00e7 niyetine kullan\u0131l\u0131rken, Sanayi Devrimi’yle birlikte yeni s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n tutkusu haline geldi.<\/p>\n

Kapitalizme ge\u00e7i\u015fin Avrupa veya Bat\u0131 Avrupa gibi ya\u015fanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u00e7kinin dince yasak oldu\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye’de de, \u015fiddet ve s\u00fcresi farkl\u0131 olmakla birlikte, benzer b\u0131r s\u00fcre\u00e7ten ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u0130\u00e7ki t\u00fcrlerinden \u015farap, rak\u0131, bira ve viskinin tarihi, bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc ortaya koyuyor.<\/p>\n

Bu zengin konuyu \u00f6zetleyebilmek i\u00e7in, i\u00e7ki terminolojisinden se\u00e7-me \u00f6rneklerle, i\u00e7ki k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihi ve ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi evreler hakk\u0131nda fikir verilebilir: Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde i\u00e7ki gedikli meyhanelerde sat\u0131l\u0131r. Lonca sistemine ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade eden gedik usul\u00fc \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet’te kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 Ka\u00e7ak olanlara koltuk meyhanesi denildi.<\/p>\n

14 Eyl\u00fcl 1920’de kabul edilen Men-i M\u00fcskirat Kanunu ile i\u00e7ki. yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yasak 9 Nisan 1924’te kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ispirto ve ispirtolu i\u00e7kiler 1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda devlet tekeline al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, bir y\u0131l boyunca bir Polonya \u015firketine verilen i\u015fletme, 1926’dan itibaren\u00a0do\u011frudan Tekel idaresince y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tekel’in bir hedefi de halk\u0131 alkol derecesi y\u00fcksek olan rak\u0131 yerine \u015farap ve biraya al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak olarak ifade edilmektedir. 1942 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015farap imalat\u0131 tekel d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alkol\u00fc kim icat etti Alkol\u00fcn\u00a09.-10. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Ortado\u011fu da elde edildi\u011fi tarihi kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7mi\u015fse de, i\u00e7kinin ilk nerede dam\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Alkol, Arap\u00e7a “el-kuhl”\u00a0den gelmektedir. Avrupa’da \u0130talya’n\u0131n kimyasal ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla \u00fcnl\u00fc Salerno…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10290,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[1945,1944],"class_list":["post-4706","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-eglence","tag-alkol","tag-icki"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4706"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4706"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4706\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9927,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4706\/revisions\/9927"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10290"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4706"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4706"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4706"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}