{"id":4719,"date":"2015-03-16T15:28:02","date_gmt":"2015-03-16T13:28:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=4719"},"modified":"2018-02-28T17:05:17","modified_gmt":"2018-02-28T15:05:17","slug":"anaokulunu-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=4719","title":{"rendered":"Anaokulunu kim buldu, \u0130lk Ana Okulu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yuva, Anaokulu Frans\u0131zca “creche” (be\u015fik), Almanca “Kindergarten” (\u00e7ocuk bah\u00e7esi), Avrupa’da ilk\u00f6\u011frenim\u00a0\u00f6ncesi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131 ve e\u011fitimini \u00fcstlenen kurumlar olarak \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bi\u00e7imleriyle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Fransa’da ilk kre\u015fler 1850 lerde \u0130ngiltere’de\u00a01860’larda kuruldu. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n\u00a0ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda\u00a0\u00f6zellikle sanayi\u00a0merkezlerinden ba\u015flayarak kre\u015fler yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Anaokullar\u0131\u00a0\u0130ngiltere’de Robert Owen<\/strong>‘\u0131n fabrika i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in 1816\u00a0da a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 okullarla ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Fransa’da Jean-jacques Rousseau’nun etkisiyle 1779’dan beri a\u00e7\u0131lan okullar 1833’te h\u00fck\u00fcmet\u00e7e devral\u0131nd\u0131. Almanya’da e\u011fitim reformcusu Friedrich Froebel “Kindergarten” ad\u0131yla 1837’de, \u0130talya’da Maria Montessori yeni y\u00f6ntemlerle 1907’de anaokullar\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131lar. Fransa, \u0130talya, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nde kre\u015fler okul sistemi i\u00e7ine al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, ABD’de ise \u00f6zel giri\u015fime b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lan, \u00e7ocu\u011fu terbiye etmesi ve ona piyano, Frans\u0131zca \u00f6\u011fretmeni beklenen Avrupal\u0131 m\u00fcrebbiye d\u00f6neminden sonra, \u0130stanbul’da \u00f6zel kre\u015fler a\u00e7\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Bunlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla Yahudi ve Ermeni \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin y\u00f6netimindeydi. \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet’ten sonra e\u011fitim \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00f6zellikle duran \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131lar kre\u015flerin gayrim\u00fcslimlerin elinde olmas\u0131ndan rahats\u0131z olmu\u015flard\u0131. Kaz\u0131m Nami Duru’nun 1909 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avusturya-Macaristan gezisinden sonra kre\u015f ihtiyac\u0131 g\u00fcndeme al\u0131narak Selanik’te “Ravza-i s\u0131byan” adl\u0131 kre\u015f a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. T\u00fcrk “bayan” \u00f6\u011fretmen yoklu\u011fundan dolay\u0131 “yerli” kre\u015fler yaygmla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamay\u0131nca, Dar\u00fclmuallimat’a ders konularak 1913-14’te ana muallime s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. 6 Ekim 1913’te Tedrisat-\u0131 iptidaiye Kanun-\u0131 Muvakkat\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak, 1914 b\u00fct\u00e7esiyle on kre\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. 15 Mart 1915’te Ana Mektepleri Nizamnamesi kabul edildikten sonra konuya g\u00f6sterilen ilgi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclerek\u00a01917’de \u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim ya\u015f\u0131 4-12 olarak belirlendi. 1923-24 \u00f6\u011frenim d\u00f6neminde seksen kre\u015f vard\u0131. Fakat genel okuma-yazma ve okulla\u015fma oran\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u00a0kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ilkokul \u00f6ncesi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in yat\u0131r\u0131m yapma zaman\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz gelmedigi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc, hatta 1975 ve 1930’da Maarif Vekaleti’nin kararlar\u0131yla anaokullar\u0131 k\u00f6steklendi. Kapanan anaokullarm\u0131n yerini \u0130stanbul Belediyesi doldurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1932’den itibaren Tekel’e ait i\u015fletme kurumda a\u00e7\u0131lan yuvalarla, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan annelerin ihtiyac\u0131 giderilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemin en g\u00f6zde kre\u015f ve \u00e7ocuk yuvas\u0131, \u00f6nce Ankara radyosunda \u00e7ocuk program\u0131 yaparak b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgi toplayan Neriman H\u0131z\u0131r’\u0131n 1946’da a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Ay\u015fe Abla” \u00f6zel yuva ve ilkokuluydu.<\/p>\n

1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplanan V. Milli E\u011fitim \u015euras\u0131’n\u0131n te\u015fvikiyle k\u0131z enstit\u00fcleri b\u00fcnyesinde anaokullar\u0131 ve resmi ve \u00f6zel okullarda anas\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. \u0130stanbul’dan ba\u015flayarak Ankara’da ve di\u011fer b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerde kre\u015f ve anaokulu ihtiyac\u0131 1970’lerden itibaren kendisini hissettirdi, \u00f6zel kre\u015fler \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131rken devlet kurumlar\u0131 da kendi personeli i\u00e7in kre\u015f ve yuvalar a\u00e7maya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kre\u015fler kaliteli e\u011fitimleriyle torpille girilen yerleri olu\u015fturuyordu. 1980’lerden sonra bir yandan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131, bir yandan \u00e7ekirdek ailelerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n “varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131” sorun haline getirdi\u011finden, bir yandan da ilkokul \u00f6ncesi e\u011fitimin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n haz\u0131rland\u0131klar\u0131 rekabet ortam\u0131 i\u00e7in zorunlu g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kre\u015fler yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Devlet Memurlar\u0131 Kanunu’nda gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclen kamu kurumlar\u0131nda kre\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlu tutulmu\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi, 1987’de \u0130\u015f Kanunu’nun ilgili maddesi gere\u011fi \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan t\u00fcz\u00fckle y\u00fcz elliden fazla kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015fyerleri i\u00e7in bak\u0131mevleri ve emzirme odalar\u0131 kurulmas\u0131, “yurt” i\u015fyerine 250 metreden uzaksa, i\u015fverenin ta\u015f\u0131t sa\u011flamas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu getirildi. 1960’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda antikom\u00fcnizm propagandas\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nde \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n aileden kopart\u0131l\u0131p kre\u015flere verildi\u011fi ve o ya\u015fta kendilerine Rus\u00e7a \u00f6\u011fretildi\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fma konusu yap\u0131l\u0131rken, 1980’li y\u0131llarda kre\u015flerin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve velilerin ingilizce \u00f6\u011fretilen kre\u015fleri tercih etmesi sorun olu\u015fturmad\u0131. Son y\u0131llarda yaln\u0131z yuva ve anaokullar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ilk ve orta\u00f6\u011frenim i\u00e7in de sorun olu\u015fturan servislerin ilk bi\u00e7imi, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 evden okula, okuldan eve g\u00f6t\u00fcren ve \u00e7antalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131r\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7irerek ta\u015f\u0131yan bevvab ve mubass\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yuva, Anaokulu Frans\u0131zca “creche” (be\u015fik), Almanca “Kindergarten” (\u00e7ocuk bah\u00e7esi), Avrupa’da ilk\u00f6\u011frenim\u00a0\u00f6ncesi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131 ve e\u011fitimini \u00fcstlenen kurumlar olarak \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bi\u00e7imleriyle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Fransa’da ilk kre\u015fler 1850 lerde \u0130ngiltere’de\u00a01860’larda…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10459,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[1953,1954,1952],"class_list":["post-4719","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim","tag-anaokulu","tag-kres","tag-yuva"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4719"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4719"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4719\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8414,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4719\/revisions\/8414"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10459"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4719"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4719"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4719"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}