T\u00fct\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenleri bilinmemekle birlikte, Amerika’da Maya ve Aztek gibi medeniyetlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Kuzey Amerika’daki baz\u0131 kabilelerde sigara i\u00e7ildi\u011fi kesindir. Toplumsal larak yay\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olsa bile en az\u0131ndan k\u0131smen dini veya t\u00f6rensel nedenlerle kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda sigara, 9. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Meksika ve Orta Amerika’da, i\u00e7ine t\u00fct\u00fcn koyulan t\u00fcp \u015feklinde sazlardan yap\u0131lamakta ve i\u00e7ilmekteydi. \u00d6nce Mayalar ve daha sonra Azteklere ait \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek ve tap\u0131nak grav\u00fcrleri \u00fczerinde, dini rit\u00fceller s\u0131ras\u0131nda\u00a0 t\u00fct\u00fcn veya di\u011fer psikoaktif maddeleri\u00a0sigara gibi i\u00e7en rahipleri tasvir ettikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Kuzey Amerika, Orta Amerika ve G\u00fcney Amerika’da t\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli bitki yapraklar\u0131na sar\u0131larak i\u00e7iliyordu. Co\u011frafi ke\u015fifler sonras\u0131 t\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130spanya’ya getirildi\u011finde, m\u0131s\u0131r yapraklar\u0131na sar\u0131larak i\u00e7ilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise ince ka\u011f\u0131tlar kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. \u0130nce ka\u011ftla sar\u0131lan sigaralara “Papelate” deniyordu ve 18, y\u00fczy\u0131l ressamlar\u0131ndan olan Goya’n\u0131n La Cometa, La Merienda en el Manzanares ve El juego de la pelota a pala\u00a0 resimlerinde sigara i\u00e7en insan fig\u00fcrleri yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca kesin olmamakla birlikte t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn ka\u011f\u0131da sar\u0131larak i\u00e7ilmesi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, sava\u015f zaman\u0131nda Frans\u0131z askerleri taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. O zamana kadar t\u00fct\u00fcn pipo ile i\u00e7iliyordu. Askerler k\u0131r\u0131lan piposunun yerine barut \u00e7antas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ka\u011f\u0131tlara t\u00fct\u00fcn sararak sigara i\u00e7mekteydiler.\u00a0Ba\u015fka bir rivayet ise \u0130spanya’n\u0131n Sevilla kentinde ya\u015fayan dilenciler, zenginlerin att\u0131klar\u0131 pipolar\u0131n i\u00e7inde kalan t\u00fct\u00fcnleri ka\u011f\u0131da sararlar ve i\u00e7erlerdi.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 \u2013 Frans\u0131z Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda\u00a0 M\u0131s\u0131r\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeye kalk\u0131\u015fan Fransa’ya kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 – Rusya ve ingiltere birlik olu\u015fturdular. Bu sava\u015f s\u0131ra\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz ve Rus askerleri, Osmanl\u0131 askerlerinin eski gazete ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131na t\u00fct\u00fcn sararak i\u00e7tiklerini g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Osmanl\u0131 yolda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 taklit etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ka\u011f\u0131da sararak i\u00e7me bi\u00e7mi askerler aras\u0131nda giderek yayg\u0131nla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu durum, ka\u011f\u0131da sar\u0131lacak uygun t\u00fct\u00fcnlerin geli\u015ftirilmesine ve M\u0131s\u0131r sigaras\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n
1830’a gelindi\u011finde, sigara (cigarette) ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Fransa’ya ge\u00e7ti; ve 1845’te Frans\u0131z devleti tekel olarak sigara \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk patentli sigara makinesini 1847’de Meksika’da Juan Nepomuceno Adorno yapt\u0131. 1880’lere gelindi\u011finde, sigara \u015firketlerinin \u00fcretim kapasitelerini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131ran bir makine James Albert Bonsack<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu makine, g\u00fcnde yakla\u015f\u0131k 40.000 adet sigara \u00fcretebiliyordu.\u00a0 Adorno ‘nun makinesinden sonra g\u00fcnde yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 milyon \u00fcretim say\u0131s\u0131na ula\u015fan bir ba\u015fka sigara yap\u0131m makinesi geli\u015ftirildi\u011finde, \u00fcretim \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Sigaran\u0131n icad\u0131 ile ilgili kesin ve en \u00f6nemli geli\u015fme, otomatik sigara sarma makinesinin icad\u0131 ile oldu. \u0130nce \u00f6zel ka\u011f\u0131tlar imal edildikten sonra, t\u00fct\u00fcn elle bu ka\u011f\u0131tlara sar\u0131l\u0131r ve tanesi 1 kuru\u015ftan sat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131, fakat talep \u00e7ok azd\u0131. 1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a018 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki James Bonsack<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan icat edilen ve geli\u015ftirilen otomatik sigara sarma makinesi, sigara tarihinde bir devrim oldu. Bu icat\u00a0\u00fcretim maliyetini azaltarak ve \u00fcretim hacmini artt\u0131rmada yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. Bir \u00e7ok sigara fabrikas\u0131 bu yeni icad\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. G\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fcretim 500 milyon adeti ge\u00e7ti.\u00a0\u0130lerleyen zamanlarda bir \u00e7ok sigara markas\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fidi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n Sigaralar ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta pipo, puro ve puroya benzer bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve teneff\u00fcs edilmemi\u015f olabilir; buna bir g\u00f6sterge olarak, 1930’lardan kalma ve\u00a0 t\u00fcketicilere “Siz Teneff\u00fcs Ediyor musunuz?” diye soran Lucky Strike ‘\u0131n (Bir Sigara Markas\u0131) reklam kampanyas\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Sigara t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc daha hafif ve daha asidik hale geldik\u00e7e, teneff\u00fcs etmeye daha uyumlu hale gelmi\u015f olabilir. Ancak, 1830’larda\u00a0 Alman Mare\u015fal\u00a0 Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke’nin kitab\u0131 Unter dem Halbmond’da yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, Lazkiye’de Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015fte kurutulmu\u015f, asidik yaprak \u00e7e\u015fitleri olan T\u00fcrk t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc ci\u011ferlerine \u00e7ekti\u011fini veya soludu\u011funu fark etmi\u015ftir.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda sigaran\u0131n insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zararlar\u0131 nedeniyle filtreli sigaralar \u00fcretilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde g\u00fcnl\u00fck sigara \u00fcretimi 10 milyar adeti a\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda sigaran\u0131n yayg\u0131n \u015fekilde i\u00e7ilmesi, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda ABD’de ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131ll\u0131k t\u00fcketim 54 sigara ve t\u00fcketim miktar\u0131 1965’te ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na 4,259’dur. Erkeklerin yakla\u015f\u0131k % 50’si ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n % 33’\u00fc sigara i\u00e7iyordu. 2000 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, t\u00fcketim ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na 2.092’ye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, erkeklerin yakla\u015f\u0131k % 30’u ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131n % 22’si y\u0131lda 100’den fazla sigara i\u00e7mektedir ve 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na t\u00fcketim 1,691’e d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Nazi Almanyas\u0131 zaman\u0131nda g\u00f6revli Alman doktorlar, ilk t\u00fct\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 hareketlere yol a\u00e7an, sigara ve akci\u011fer kanseri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131y\u0131 ilk tan\u0131mlayanlar oldu. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, sigara askerlere tay\u0131n verilmekteydi. Vietnam Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, amerikalara askerlere yemekler ile birlikte sigara verilmekteydi. 1975\u2019te ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, sigaralar\u0131 askeri rasyona sokmay\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, t\u00fct\u00fcn i\u00e7iminin olumsuz sa\u011fl\u0131k etkileri yayg\u0131n olarak bilinmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve sigara paketlerinde sadece metin olarak sa\u011fl\u0131k uyar\u0131lar\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Topland\u0131ktan sonra kurutulan t\u00fct\u00fcnler, \u00fc\u00e7 sene kadar depolarda kendi haline b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Sonra sigara fabrikalar\u0131nda t\u00fct\u00fcn tozundan ar\u0131t\u0131larak \u00f6zel nemlendirme odalar\u0131nda i\u015fleme tabi tutulur. Seri halde nemlendirme ve kurutma devam eder. Daha sonra tamburlar i\u00e7inde d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclerek yap\u0131lacak sigaran\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcne g\u00f6re, \u00e7e\u015fitli kalitedeki t\u00fct\u00fcnler harmanlan\u0131r. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k t\u00fct\u00fcn tekrar \u00f6zel nemlendirme odalar\u0131nda bekletilir. Bu t\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00f6ner b\u0131\u00e7aklarla \u00e7ok ince bir \u015fekilde k\u0131y\u0131l\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131ld\u0131ktan birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra, silindir t\u00fcp haline getirilmi\u015f ka\u011f\u0131tlar i\u00e7ine otomatik olarak doldurulur. \u0130ki sigara \u00f6nce filtreye tutturulur, sonra ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Standard bir sigara makinas\u0131 dakikada ortalama 1200 sigara haz\u0131rlayabilir. Bu makinalarda sigaralar\u0131n yirmi\u015ferli paketli selofanl\u0131 hale gelmesi \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede olur. Her sigarada t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn gev\u015fekli\u011fi \u0131\u015f\u0131nla kontrol edilerek, b\u00fct\u00fcn sigaralar\u0131n e\u015fit olmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. Sigaran\u0131n as\u0131l k\u0131sm\u0131 t\u00fct\u00fcn oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, duman\u0131 nikotin ve katran ihtiva eder. Sigaran\u0131n katran\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak i\u00e7in evvela kaliteli t\u00fct\u00fcn se\u00e7ilir. \u00dcretim s\u0131ras\u0131nda ise uzun ince ve filitreli olarak yap\u0131l\u0131r. Sigaran\u0131n yanan ucu ile a\u011f\u0131z aras\u0131ndaki mesafe ne kadar \u00e7oksa v\u00fccuda o kadar az nikotin gider. Kuru t\u00fct\u00fcnler ya\u015flardan fazla; h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7ekenler yava\u015f \u00e7ekenlerden fazla; ci\u011fere \u00e7ekenler dudak tiryakilerinden fazla nikotin al\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n Sigara i\u00e7me oranlar\u0131 genellikle geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde azalmakta, ancak geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde y\u00fckselmeye devam etmektedir.\u00a0Sigaralar, di\u011fer t\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden daha yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle ciddi sa\u011fl\u0131k riskleri ta\u015f\u0131rlar, ayr\u0131ca nikotin olduk\u00e7a ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k yapan bir maddedir.\u00a0Sigara i\u00e7enlerin yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131 t\u00fct\u00fcnle ili\u015fkili hastal\u0131ktan \u00f6lmektedir\u00a0ve ya\u015fam s\u00fcresini 14 y\u0131l k\u0131saltmaktad\u0131r. Yap\u0131lan bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucunda hamile kad\u0131nlar\u0131n sigara kullan\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle, bebeklerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck do\u011fum a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, fetal anormallikler ve premat\u00fcre do\u011fum gibi do\u011fum kusurlar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.\u00a0Sigaradan \u00e7\u0131kan duman\u0131n, \u00e7evredeki insanlara da olduk\u00e7a zarar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Pasif i\u00e7icilik nedeniyle bir \u00e7ok insan sigara i\u00e7mese dahi kanser de dahil olmak \u00fczere, sigara i\u00e7enler gibi ayn\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 ile y\u00fczle\u015fmek zorunda kalmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0Sigara duman\u0131 arsenik, formaldehit, siyan\u00fcr, kur\u015fun, nikotin, karbon monoksit, akrolein ve di\u011fer bir \u00e7ok zehirli madde ile birlikte 7.000’den fazla kimyasal bile\u015fik i\u00e7ermektedir.\u00a0Bu kimyasallar\u0131n 50’den fazlas\u0131 kanserojendir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara ek olarak, sigara, \u00f6zel konutlarda s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl yang\u0131nlaraa neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum, hem Avrupa Birli\u011fi hem de ABD’nin 2011 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren yang\u0131n standard\u0131yla uyumlu olmayan sigaralar\u0131n yasaklas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Kanada, Meksika, Bel\u00e7ika, Danimarka, \u0130sve\u00e7, Tayland, Malezya, Hindistan, Pakistan, Avustralya, Arjantin, Brezilya, \u015eili, Peru, Yunanistan, Hollanda, Yeni Zelanda, Norve\u00e7, Macaristan, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Romanya, Singapur, M\u0131s\u0131r, Nepal ve T\u00fcrkiye t\u00fct\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n zarar verici etkilerini g\u00f6steren metinsel uyar\u0131lara ve grafik g\u00f6rsel imgelere sahiptir. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, sigara i\u00e7menin tehlikeleri konusunda kamuoyunu bilgilendirmek i\u00e7in daha etkili bir y\u00f6ntem olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen, grafiksel sigara uyar\u0131 etiketleri uygulamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Zaman i\u00e7erisinde sigara \u015firketleri taraf\u0131ndan “kutsal tah\u0131l” olarak adland\u0131rlan kanserojen madde i\u00e7ermeyen sigara t\u00fcrleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kay\u0131tlarda, en yak\u0131n tarihsel giri\u015fim bilim adam\u0131 James Mold taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilmi\u015f, TAME projesi ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda XA sigaras\u0131 \u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Ancak, 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda proje sona erdirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 1950’den beri, sigarada bulunan ortalama nikotin ve katran i\u00e7eri\u011fi s\u00fcrekli olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, genel nikotin i\u00e7eri\u011findeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, sigara i\u00e7enlerin puf ba\u015f\u0131na daha b\u00fcy\u00fck hacimleri teneff\u00fcs etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" T\u00fct\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenleri bilinmemekle birlikte, Amerika’da Maya ve Aztek gibi medeniyetlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Kuzey Amerika’daki baz\u0131 kabilelerde sigara i\u00e7ildi\u011fi kesindir. Toplumsal larak yay\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olsa bile en az\u0131ndan k\u0131smen dini veya…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11762,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[2296,1590,2903,2902],"class_list":["post-5200","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-eglence","tag-james-bonsack","tag-sigara","tag-sigaranin-bulunusu","tag-sigarayi-kim-icat-etti"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5200"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5200"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5200\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11763,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5200\/revisions\/11763"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11762"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5200"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5200"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5200"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Sigara nas\u0131l \u00fcretilir?<\/h3>\n
Dikkat: Sigara Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa Zararl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/h3>\n