{"id":5736,"date":"2016-12-12T02:32:35","date_gmt":"2016-12-12T00:32:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=5736"},"modified":"2018-09-28T00:07:50","modified_gmt":"2018-09-27T22:07:50","slug":"bilgisayar-kim-icat-etti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=5736","title":{"rendered":"Bilgisayar\u0131 kim icat etti"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilgisayar kim taraf\u0131ndan ne zaman icat edildi?<\/strong> Bilgisayarlar\u0131n pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle bilgisayar\u0131 kimin icat etti\u011fi sorusunun cevaplanmas\u0131 pek kolay de\u011fildir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, Difference Engine (Fark Motoru)’dan ba\u015flay\u0131p, bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bilgisayarlara kadar\u00a0tarihsel bir a\u00e7\u0131klama yapaca\u011f\u0131z.\u00a0“Bilgisayar” kelimesi ilk olarak “hesaplama yapan insanlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131.” 1613\u00a0y\u0131l\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk mekanik bilgisayar<\/h2>\n

1822’de Charles Babbage<\/strong><\/a>, ilk otomatik hesaplama makinesi olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen Difference Engine<\/strong>‘i kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Difference Engine (Fark Motoru), birka\u00e7 say\u0131 seti hesaplama ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131drma\u00a0yetene\u011fine sahipti. Babbage, Ada Lovelace’den Difference Engine’in geli\u015ftirilmesiyle ilgili bir tak\u0131m yard\u0131mlar ald\u0131. Maalesef, projesine kaynak bulma sorunlar\u0131\u00a0nedeniyle, Babbage bu makinenin tam \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc hi\u00e7bir zaman tamamlayamad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1837’de Charles Babbage Analytical Engine<\/strong> (Analitik Motor) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi ilk genel mekanik bilgisayar fikrini ortaya att\u0131. Analytical Engine, Aritmetik Logic Unit (ALU), temel ak\u0131\u015f kontrol\u00fc, delikli\u00a0kartlar (Jacquard Loom’dan esinlenmi\u015ftir) ve dahili\u00a0bellek gibi k\u0131s\u0131mlardan olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Bu ilk genel ama\u00e7l\u0131 bilgisayar konsepti\u00a0olarak tarihe ge\u00e7ti. Maalesef finansman sorunlar\u0131 nedeniyle, Charles Babbage hayatta iken bu bilgisayar hi\u00e7bir zaman in\u015fa edilmedi. 1910’da, Charles Babbage’nin en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu olan Henry Babbage, bu makinenin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlayabildi ve temel hesaplamalar yapabildi.<\/p>\n

1991 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Haziran ay\u0131nda Londra Bilim M\u00fczesi, Babbage’\u0131n Difference Engine No 2’sini ve daha sonra 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda bask\u0131 mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk programlanabilir bilgisayar<\/h2>\n

Alman Konrad Zuse 1936-1938 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Z1<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi ilk elektro-mekanik programlanabilir bilgisayar\u0131 yapt\u0131. Z1\u00a0ger\u00e7ek\u00a0anlamda i\u015flevsel ve modern bilgisayar\u0131n temeli olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Turing Makinesi<\/h2>\n

Alan Turing taraf\u0131ndan 1936’da The Turing<\/strong> yap\u0131ld\u0131\u00a0bu makine ve bilgisayar ve bilgisayarlar ile ilgili teorilerin temelini olu\u015fturdu. Makine, bir dizi mant\u0131ksal talimattan sonra bir\u00a0taklit sim\u00fclasyonu \u015feklinde sembolleri kaset \u00fczerine bast\u0131ran bir cihazd\u0131. Bu temeller olmadan, bug\u00fcn kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bilgisayarlara sahip olmazd\u0131k.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk elektrikli programlanabilir bilgisayar<\/h2>\n

Colossus<\/strong>, Tommy Flowers taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen ve ilk kez Aral\u0131k 1943’te ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan\u00a0ilk elektrikli programlanabilir bilgisayard\u0131. Colossus, \u0130ngiliz \u015fifre\u00a0k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, \u015fifrelenmi\u015f Almanca mesajlar\u0131 okumas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk dijital bilgisayar<\/h2>\n

Atanasoff-Berry Computer’\u0131n k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hali\u00a0olan ABC<\/strong>, Prof. John Vincent Atanasoff ve lisans\u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6\u011frencisi Cliff Berry taraf\u0131ndan 1937’de geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Geli\u015fimi 1942 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Iowa Devlet Koleji’nde (\u015fu anda Iowa Devlet \u00dcniversitesi’nde) devam etti.<\/p>\n

ABC<\/strong>, dijital hesaplama i\u00e7in vakum t\u00fcplerini kullanan, ikili matematik ve Boolean mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere herhangi bir\u00a0CPU kullanmayan bir elektrikli bilgisayard\u0131.<\/p>\n

ENIAC<\/strong>, Pennsylvania \u00dcniversitesi’nden J. Presper Eckert ve John Mauchly taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi ve 1943 y\u0131l\u0131nda in\u015faata ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 1946 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar tamamlanmad\u0131. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 ton a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa sahip 1800 vakum t\u00fcp\u00fc kulland\u0131.<\/p>\n

19 Ekim 1973’te ABD’li Federal Yarg\u0131\u00e7lar Earl R. Larson, J. Presper Eckert ve John Mauchly ENIAC’\u0131n patentinin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funa ve ilk dijital bilgisayar\u0131n mucidinin Atanasoff oldu\u011funa h\u00fckmettiler. Fakat\u00a0ABC’nin ilk dijital bilgisayar oldu\u011fu\u00a0karar\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir \u00e7ok uzman ENIAC’\u0131n tamamen i\u015flevsel olmas\u0131 nedeniyle ilk dijital bilgisayar oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

Kaydedilmi\u015f program\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ilk bilgisayar<\/h2>\n

\u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ve program kaydedilen ilk bilgisayar EDSAC<\/strong> d\u0131r. Bilgisayar, “Bebek” lakapl\u0131 ilk grafik bilgisayar oyununu \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran bilgisayar olarak tarihe ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, Manchester Mark 1, kaydedilen programlar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ba\u015fka bir bilgisayard\u0131. Manchester \u00dcniversitesi’nde kurulmu\u015f olan Mark 1 bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131n ilk s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc Nisan 1949’da \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Mark 1, ayn\u0131 sene 16 ve 17 Haziran’da Mersenne asallerini hatas\u0131z olarak dokuz saat arayacak bir program\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk bilgisayar \u015firketi<\/h3>\n

\u0130lk bilgisayar \u015firketi 1949’da J. Presper Eckert ve John Mauchly taraf\u0131ndan, Electronic Controls Company<\/strong> ad\u0131yla kuruldu. J. Presper Eckert ve John Mauchly\u00a0ENIAC bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda g\u00f6rev alan ki\u015filerdi.\u00a0\u015eirket daha sonralar\u0131 EMCC veya Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation olarak isim de\u011fi\u015ftir ve UNIVAC ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir dizi ana bilgisayar \u00fcretimi yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk program saklayan bilgisayar<\/h3>\n

UNIVAC 1101<\/strong> \u0130lk \u00f6nce 1950’de Birle\u015fik Devletler h\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u00a0i\u00e7in \u00fcretildi, UNIVAC 1101 veya ERA 1101 haf\u0131zas\u0131nda bir program\u0131 saklayabilen ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilen ilk bilgisayar olarak kabul edildi.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk ticari bilgisayar<\/h3>\n

1942’de Konrad Zuse ilk ticari bilgisayar olan Z4<\/strong> \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bilgisayar, 12 Temmuz 1950’de Z\u00fcrih \u0130svi\u00e7re Federal Teknoloji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn matematik\u00e7i Eduard Stiefel’e sat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

IBM’in ilk bilgisayar\u0131<\/h3>\n

7 Nisan 1953’te \u00a0ilk ticari bilimsel bilgisayar\u0131 IBM, 701<\/strong>‘i piyasaya s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

RAM’li ilk bilgisayar<\/h3>\n

MIT, 8 Mart 1955’te manyetik \u00e7ekirdekli RAM ve ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 grafikler i\u00e7eren ilk dijital bilgisayar olan devrim niteli\u011findeki bir bilgisayar\u0131 Whirlwind<\/strong> bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tt\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk transist\u00f6rl\u00fc bilgisayar<\/h3>\n

Transist\u00f6rler TX-O<\/strong> (Transistorl\u00fc Deneysel bilgisayar), 1956’da Massachusetts Institute of Technology’de g\u00f6sterilen ilk transistorl\u00fc bilgisayar.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk masa\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayar<\/h2>\n

1964’te ilk masa\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayar\u0131 olan Programma 101<\/strong>, New York D\u00fcnya Fuar\u0131’nda tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Pier Giorgio Perotto taraf\u0131ndan tasarland\u0131\u00a0ve Olivetti taraf\u0131ndan imal edildi. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 44.000 \u00a0adet bilgisayar, her biri 3.200 $ fiyat etiketi ile sat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1968’de Hewlett Packard, herkese hitap edecek\u00a0ilk masa\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayar olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen HP 9100A<\/strong> \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc pazarlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk ki\u015fisel bilgisayar<\/h2>\n

1975 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ed Roberts, Altair 8800<\/strong>‘\u00fc piyasaya sundu\u011funda “ki\u015fisel bilgisayar” terimini kulland\u0131. \u0130lk ki\u015fisel bilgisayar, 1971’de 750 $ ‘l\u0131k fiyat ile tan\u0131t\u0131lan KENBAK-1 oldu.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk diz\u00fcst\u00fc veya ta\u015f\u0131nabilir bilgisayar<\/h2>\n

IBM 5100<\/strong>, Eyl\u00fcl 1975’te piyasaya \u00e7\u0131kan ilk ta\u015f\u0131nabilir bilgisayard\u0131r. Bilgisayar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 25 kg d\u0131. \u00a0Be\u015f in\u00e7 CRT ekran, teyp s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcs\u00fc, 1.9MHz PALM i\u015flemci ve 64KB RAM a sahipti. Resimde, Scientific America’n\u0131n Kas\u0131m 1975 say\u0131s\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir IBM 5100 reklam\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ekten ilk ta\u015f\u0131nabilir bilgisayar veya diz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayar, Nisan 1981’de piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclen ve Adam Osborne taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen Osborne I olarak kabul edilir. Osborne 10 kg\u00a0a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 5 in\u00e7 ekran, 64 KB bellek, iki adet 5 1\/4 “disket s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcye, CP \/ M 2.2 i\u015fletim sistemini, bir modem i\u00e7ermekte ve 1.795 ABD Dolara sat\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

IBM PC B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (PCD) IBM ta\u015f\u0131nabilir bilgisayar\u0131n\u0131 1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda piyasaya s\u00fcrd\u00fc, bu bilgisayar\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 13 kg d\u0131.\u00a01986 y\u0131l\u0131nda IBM PCD, yeni diz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayar\u0131, 5,5 kg\u00a0a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan PC Convertible’\u0131 duyurdu. Son olarak, 1994’te IBM, entegre bir CD-ROM bulunan ilk diz\u00fcst\u00fc bilgisayar\u0131 IBM ThinkPad 775CD’yi tan\u0131tt\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilgisayar kim taraf\u0131ndan ne zaman icat edildi? Bilgisayarlar\u0131n pek \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmas\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle bilgisayar\u0131 kimin icat etti\u011fi sorusunun cevaplanmas\u0131 pek kolay de\u011fildir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, Difference Engine (Fark Motoru)’dan…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5764,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2364,2360,2367,2355,2356,2354,2358,2368,2363,3081,2362,2359,2361,2365,2366],"class_list":["post-5736","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teknoloji","tag-abc","tag-alan-turing","tag-analytical-engine","tag-bilgisayar-icat","tag-bilgisayari-kim-buldu","tag-bilgisayarin-icadi","tag-charles-babbage","tag-difference-engine","tag-eniac","tag-ilk-bilgisayar","tag-john-vincent-atanasoff","tag-konrad-zuse","tag-tommy-flowers","tag-turing","tag-z1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5736"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5736"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5736\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12026,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5736\/revisions\/12026"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5764"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5736"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5736"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5736"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}