{"id":5753,"date":"2016-12-01T03:44:32","date_gmt":"2016-12-01T01:44:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=5753"},"modified":"2018-09-19T15:57:19","modified_gmt":"2018-09-19T13:57:19","slug":"evrim-teorisini-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=5753","title":{"rendered":"Evrim Teorisini kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilim tarihi boyunca bir \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrde yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f merak ve inceleme konusu olmu\u015ftur. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde ya\u015fan insanlar\u0131n, hayvanlar\u0131n di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131n ve evrenin k\u00f6keninin neye yada nereye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu merak ve \u00e7aba\u00a0ortaya farkl\u0131 yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f efsaneleri \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k, Hristiyanl\u0131k ve Yahudilik gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck dinlerdeki inan\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re canl\u0131lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 yarat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm evreni ve canl\u0131lar\u0131 birden bire ve yoktan\u00a0var etmesiyle a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Evrim teorisi ile ilgili eski bilgiler<\/h2>\n

Antik Yunan filozoflar\u0131, kendi yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f mitlerini olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Anaksimandros, hayvanlar\u0131n \u015fekil de\u011fi\u015ftirebildiklerini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Empedocles, hayvanlar\u0131n, \u00f6nceki hayvanlar\u0131n organlar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015fiminden olu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk H\u0131ristiyan din adamlar\u0131ndan Nenizili Gregor ve Augustinus, t\u00fcm canl\u0131lar\u0131n tanr\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n sonradan tanr\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131klar\u0131ndan geli\u015ferek olu\u015ftu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu iddiay\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7iren g\u00fcd\u00fc ise biyolojik de\u011fil, din\u00eedir. Bu din adamlar\u0131, t\u00fcm canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin, Tufan esnas\u0131nda Nuh’un gemisine s\u0131\u011famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu nedenle bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n sonradan ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

El-Cahiz’in Abbasiler d\u00f6neminde yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hayvanlar Kitab\u0131 adl\u0131 kitapta, hayvanlar\u0131n evrim ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir olgunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bile\u015fenlerin de\u011fi\u015fime u\u011framalar\u0131 ile ilgili s\u00fcre\u00e7 tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n felsefi a\u00e7\u0131dan “evrim” kelimesi ile belirginle\u015fmesi \u00e7ok eskiye dayan\u0131r. Darwin’in “T\u00fcrlerin K\u00f6keni” adl\u0131 eserinde yer alan “evrimsel hayat a\u011fac\u0131”, canl\u0131 evriminin anlat\u0131m\u0131nda kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 mitolojik bir simgedir ve pek \u00e7ok inan\u00e7ta yer al\u0131r. Herhangi bir “sa\u011flam ve do\u011fru” biyolojik altyap\u0131s\u0131 olmasa da, Aristoteles<\/a>‘ten Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs’e kadar bir\u00e7ok \u00f6nemli isim evrim kavram\u0131 konusunda yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, evrim konusunda \u0130bn-i Haldun ve \u0130bn-i Sina farkl\u0131 teoriler sunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Lamarck, kazan\u0131lan karakterlerin kal\u0131t\u0131m\u0131na dair bir hipotez \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, fakat yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneyler bu hipotezin yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda Charles Darwin, Galapagos Adalar\u0131’ndaki g\u00f6zlemlerine dayanarak, evrimin mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fal se\u00e7ilimle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Charles Darwin<\/span>\u00a0ve Evrim Teorisi<\/h3>\n

Evrimin mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda bug\u00fcn ge\u00e7erli olan bilimsel sentez, \u0130ngiliz do\u011fa tarih\u00e7isi Charles Darwin taraf\u0131ndan 1859’da ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan evrim kuram\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne kuruludur. Darwin, organizmalar\u0131n evrim sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve organizmalar\u0131n g\u00f6z, kanat, b\u00f6brek gibi belirli bir amaca hizmet eden organlara sahip olmalar\u0131n\u0131n yine evrimin bir sonucu oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu iddias\u0131 temelde do\u011fru olmakla birlikte eksikti.<\/p>\n

Darwin, kuram\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi s\u00fcrece dayand\u0131r\u0131yordu. Ona g\u00f6re t\u00fcrde\u015flerine g\u00f6re daha \u00e7ok i\u015fe yarar \u00f6zelliklere sahip olan canl\u0131lar (\u00f6rne\u011fin daha keskin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe sahip olanlar ya da daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ko\u015fanlar) hayatta kalma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131nda avantajl\u0131 duruma ge\u00e7iyor, bu nedenle soyunu devam ettirme \u015fans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Darwin 1831-1836 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131n\u0131, i\u015fi gere\u011fi, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine seyahat ederek ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. Bu y\u0131llarda akl\u0131nda bir t\u00fcr evrim kuram\u0131 \u015fekillenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde ge\u00e7en 3 y\u0131l sonunda, evrim teorisine en \u00e7ok katk\u0131da bulunacak yer olan Galapagos Adalar\u0131’na vard\u0131. Bu adalardaki do\u011fal ya\u015fam\u0131 ve canl\u0131lar\u0131, G\u00fcney Amerika’dakiler (anakara) ile k\u0131yaslad\u0131 ve o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 baz\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ke\u015ffetti.<\/p>\n

Darwin burada, “ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 nesiller sonunda, yeni bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn, halihaz\u0131rdaki bir t\u00fcrden yava\u015f\u00e7a farkl\u0131la\u015farak olu\u015ftu\u011fu” kan\u0131s\u0131na vard\u0131. Do\u011fal se\u00e7ilim<\/i> ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi bir i\u015flem sonucunda bu de\u011fi\u015fimlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yordu:<\/p>\n

Darwin’in evrim teorisi 3 ana temel \u00fczerine oturmu\u015ftur<\/h2>\n
    \n
  • Bir canl\u0131 pop\u00fclasyonunda \u00e7e\u015fitli karakteristikler mevcuttur ve bu de\u011fi\u015fken karakteristikler pop\u00fclasyondaki bireyler taraf\u0131ndan yeni do\u011fanlara aktar\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  • Canl\u0131lar \u00f6lenlerin yerine ge\u00e7ecek say\u0131dan daha fazla yavrularlar.<\/li>\n
  • Ortalamada pop\u00fclasyon rakamlar\u0131 genelde sabit kal\u0131r, hi\u00e7bir pop\u00fclasyon sonsuza kadar b\u00fcy\u00fcme g\u00f6stermez.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Bilim tarihi boyunca bir \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrde yarad\u0131l\u0131\u015f merak ve inceleme konusu olmu\u015ftur. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde ya\u015fan insanlar\u0131n, hayvanlar\u0131n di\u011fer canl\u0131lar\u0131n ve evrenin k\u00f6keninin neye yada nereye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5754,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[2372,2370,2371],"class_list":["post-5753","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim","tag-charles-darwin","tag-evrim-teorisi","tag-lamarck"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5753"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5753"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5753\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11802,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5753\/revisions\/11802"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5754"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5753"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5753"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5753"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}