{"id":6077,"date":"2018-03-09T02:37:30","date_gmt":"2018-03-09T00:37:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=6077"},"modified":"2018-03-10T23:01:16","modified_gmt":"2018-03-10T21:01:16","slug":"telefonun-icadi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=6077","title":{"rendered":"Telefonun \u0130cad\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Telefonun icad\u0131<\/a>, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n doruk noktas\u0131yd\u0131 ve\u00a0ve bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015firketin patent talepleri \u00fczerine a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir dizi dava konusu oldu.\u00a0\u00a0Telefonu icat eden ilk ki\u015fi<\/a> ger\u00e7ekten kimdi? Antonio Meucci<\/strong> mi, Alexander Graham Bell<\/strong> mi yoksa Elisha Grey<\/strong> mi? \u0130\u015fte bu soru \u00e7ok uzun zamand\u0131r tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 ismin haricinde Johann Philipp Reis, Innocenzo Manzetti, Charles Bourseul, Amos Dolbear, Sylvanus Cushman, Daniel Drawbaugh, Edward Farrar<\/strong>, ve James McDonough<\/strong> isimler de telefonun icad\u0131<\/a> ile ilgili tarihsel d\u00f6k\u00fcmanlarda ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n

Fakat hepsinden \u00f6nce \u015funu kabul etmek gerekir. Telefon, telgraf\u0131n<\/a> bir geli\u015fimi idi.\u00a01835 New York \u00dcniversitesi’nde bir profes\u00f6r olan Samuel Morse<\/strong><\/a>, sinyallerin tellerle iletilebilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlad\u0131. 1838’de halka yap\u0131lan bir g\u00f6steri ile bu yenilik duyuruldu. 1843’de Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Kongresi Washington’tan Baltimore’a deneysel telgraf hatt\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in 30.000 ABD Dolar\u0131 tutar\u0131nda finansman sa\u011flad\u0131. \u0130lk telgraf mesaj\u0131 ile anl\u0131k bir ileti\u015fim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na girildi.<\/p>\n

Antonio Meucci<\/h2>\n
\"Antonio
Antonio Meucci<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130talyan Mucit Antonio Meucci<\/a> hem Gray hem de Bell’den yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 y\u0131l \u00f6nce\u00a0telefonu icat<\/a> etmi\u015fti.\u00a01871 Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda bir telefon cihaz\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7ici patent ba\u015fvurusu yapt\u0131. 1874’de ge\u00e7ici patent s\u00fcresi sona erdi. Ge\u00e7ici Patenti kal\u0131c\u0131 bir patent ba\u015fvurusuna paras\u0131zl\u0131ktan dolay\u0131 \u00e7eviremedi.\u00a0 Alexander Graham Bell’e 1876 Mart ay\u0131nda patenti verildi. Yine de bir \u00e7ok tarih\u00e7i ve akademisyen Meucci’yi telefonun ger\u00e7ek mucidi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n

Alexander Graham Bell<\/h2>\n
\"Alexander
Alexander Graham Bell Kimdir Hayat\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Alexander Graham Bell<\/a> \u00f6ncelikle telgraf\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine odakland\u0131. Olduk\u00e7a ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, telgraf tek seferde bir mesaj al\u0131p g\u00f6ndermekle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. Bell, ayn\u0131 anda ayn\u0131 tel \u00fczerinden birden fazla mesaj g\u00f6nderme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131. \u0130cat etti\u011fi “Harmonik telgraf”, sinyallerdeki tonlarda farkl\u0131l\u0131k olmas\u0131 durumunda ayn\u0131 tel boyunca ayn\u0131 anda birden fazla ileti g\u00f6nderilebilmesi ilkesine dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Elisha Grey<\/h2>\n

\"Elisha-Gray\"<\/p>\n

Bir ba\u015fka mucit, Ohio do\u011fumlu Elisha Grey, telgraf\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in kendi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken telefona benzer bir cihaz icat etti. Elisha Gray patent ba\u015fvurusunda ge\u00e7 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Alexander Graham Bell<\/a> telefon i\u00e7in patent alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bile.<\/p>\n

Grey \/ Graham Bell Sorunu<\/h3>\n

Telefonun geli\u015fiminde bu \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir noktad\u0131r. 1876’da Gray, telefon i\u00e7in Patent Ofisine bir uyar\u0131 g\u00f6nderdi. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn (14 \u015eubat) ama be\u015f saat sonra, Graham Bell telefon i\u00e7in bir patent ba\u015fvurusunda bulundu.\u00a0Gray, ihbar\u0131n\u0131 patent haline getirmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in patent Graham Bell’e verildi.<\/p>\n

Alexander Graham Bell 14 \u015eubat 1876’da telefon i\u00e7in patent ba\u015fvurusunu yapt\u0131.\u00a0Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn Gray’in avukat\u0131, Patent Uyar\u0131s\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6nderdi. Patent Uyar\u0131s\u0131, ayn\u0131 veya benzer bir bulu\u015f \u00fczerinde ba\u015fvuruda bulunan ki\u015filerin ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131n doksan g\u00fcn s\u00fcreyle patent kayd\u0131na i\u015flenmesine engel olmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0ABD Patent Ofisi Grayin uyar\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleme almad\u0131 ve Bell’e\u00a0#174465 nolu patenti verdi. Gray, Bell a kar\u015f\u0131 1878’de bir dava a\u00e7t\u0131 fakat sonucunda kaybetti.<\/p>\n

1840’lardan 1870’lerin ortalar\u0131na<\/h3>\n

Telefonun ilk ilk fikri, Innocenzo Manzetti’nin konu\u015fma telgraf\u0131 fikrini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 1844 y\u0131l\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bununla birlikte, bu bulu\u015f hakk\u0131nda fazla bilgi yoktur.<\/p>\n

1860’da baz\u0131lar\u0131 Johann Reis adl\u0131 bir Alman mucitinin, seslerin duyuldu\u011fu bir cihaz kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ettiler.<\/p>\n

1870’lerin sonundan 1900’l\u00fc y\u0131llara<\/h3>\n

10 Mart 1876’da Graham Bell, orta\u011f\u0131 Watson’a ilk \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131y\u0131 yapt\u0131. Kelimeler “Buraya gel Watson, seni istiyorum”<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n a\u011fustos ay\u0131nda Graham Bell, telefon tarihinde bir ilki ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ilk uzun mesafe g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesini Ontario’ya yapt\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l Tivadar Puskas adl\u0131 bir Macar bilim adam\u0131 telefon santralini kurdu.<\/p>\n

O y\u0131l\u0131n ocak ay\u0131nda Graham Bell, Boston ve Cambridge aras\u0131ndaki ilk iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc uzun mesafe g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Telefon Company Ltd \u0130ngiltere’de a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Avrupa’daki ilk telefon santraliydi.<\/p>\n

Eyl\u00fcl 1879’dan sonra Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Amerikan Bell Telephone Company kuruldu ve be\u015f y\u0131l sonra AT & T ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1890’da Bell patenti s\u00fcresi doldu ve birka\u00e7 \u015firket telefon tarihini de\u011fi\u015ftiren yenilikler yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tom Watson (San Francisco) ve Graham Bell (New York) aras\u0131nda k\u0131talararas\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bir d\u00fczine y\u0131l sonra ilk transatlantik \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 Missouri’den \u0130ngiltere’ye yap\u0131l\u0131r. 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir telefon g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1941, \u00e7ok frekansl\u0131 aramay\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. 1950’lerde \u0130ngiltere’de DDD (do\u011frudan mesafeli arama) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1958’de modemler \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1973’te arada santral olmadan direkt yap\u0131lan bir telefon g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Be\u015f y\u0131l sonra h\u00fccresel \u015febekeler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

O zamandan beri telefon tarihi bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fiklik ve yenili\u011fe tan\u0131k oldu. Telefon evlerde ve ofislerde ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7a haline geldi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Telefonun icad\u0131, bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n doruk noktas\u0131yd\u0131 ve\u00a0ve bir\u00e7ok ki\u015fi ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015firketin patent talepleri \u00fczerine a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir dizi dava konusu oldu.\u00a0\u00a0Telefonu icat eden ilk ki\u015fi ger\u00e7ekten…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8749,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[709],"class_list":["post-6077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teknoloji","tag-telefon"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6077"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6077"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6077\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11290,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6077\/revisions\/11290"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8749"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6077"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6077"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6077"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}