Ate\u015f halihaz\u0131rda d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde zaten bulunmaktayd\u0131. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmeleri, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak havan\u0131n kuru otlar\u0131 tutu\u015fturmas\u0131 veya yanarda\u011flardan \u00e7\u0131kan lavlar\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu yang\u0131nlar d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde insandan \u00f6nce bile vard\u0131. Fakat insanlar ate\u015fi nas\u0131l kontrol edebileceklerini veya nas\u0131l ate\u015f yakacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyorlard\u0131. \u0130lk insanlar\u0131n ate\u015fi kontrol etmeyi yani ate\u015f yakmay\u0131 bulmalar\u0131, insan evriminin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel y\u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131yd\u0131. Ate\u015f, s\u0131cakl\u0131k, koruma ve yiyecek pi\u015firmede temel bir y\u00f6ntem ve ara\u00e7 oldu. Bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ilerleme, insanlar\u0131n co\u011frafi da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yenilikleri, beslenme ve davran\u0131\u015f de\u011fi\u015fikliklerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Buna ek olarak, ate\u015f yakmak insanlar\u0131 gecenin karanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve so\u011fuktan korunmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk insanlardan olan Homo erektusun 0.2 ila 1.7 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce ate\u015f yakmay\u0131 buldu\u011funa dair kesin kan\u0131tlar buunmaktad\u0131r. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 400.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Homo Erectus’un ate\u015fin kontroll\u00fc kullan\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair yayg\u0131n bir bilimsel inan\u0131\u015f vard\u0131r. Anatomik olarak modern insanlar taraf\u0131ndan ate\u015fin yayg\u0131n olarak kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131t yakla\u015f\u0131k 125.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dayan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
Alt Paleolitik d\u00f6nemde ate\u015fin kontroll\u00fc olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu belirsizdir. Son bulgular, bilinen en eski kontroll\u00fc ate\u015f kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n G\u00fcney Afrika’daki Wonderwerk Cave’de 1.0 Mya’da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcney Afrika’n\u0131n Northern Cape eyaletindeki Wonderwerk Cave kaz\u0131 alan\u0131ndan elde edilen bulgular, ate\u015fin kontroll\u00fc kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in en erken, en kesin kan\u0131t\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hasars\u0131z tortular, mikromorfolojik analiz ve Fourier D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc K\u0131z\u0131l\u00f6tesi Mikro\u00e7e\u015fit\u00e7izim (mFTIR) kullan\u0131larak analiz edilmi\u015ftir. Baringo G\u00f6l\u00fc yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Chesowanja, Kenya’daki Koobi Fora ve Olorgesailie gibi Do\u011fu Afrika b\u00f6lgelerinde, ate\u015fin ilk insanlar taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edildi\u011fine dair kan\u0131tlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kenya Olorgesailie’deki bir b\u00f6lgede ate\u015f yakmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilecek bir “ocak” bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Orta Awash Nehri Vadisi’nde, 200 \u00b0 C (400 \u00b0 F) s\u0131cakl\u0131klarla olu\u015fturulmu\u015f k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ms\u0131 killerin koni \u015fekilli \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcleri bulundu. Bu \u00f6zelliklerin, erken hominitlerin yerle\u015fim yerlerinde a\u011fa\u00e7 k\u00fct\u00fckleri yakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
Ate\u015fin ke\u015ffi, erken hominidler i\u00e7in geni\u015f bir kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. S\u0131cakl\u0131k kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan ate\u015f daha so\u011fuk ortamlarda hayatta kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Tropik ve subtropikal iklimlerden so\u011fuk k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u0131l\u0131man iklim b\u00f6lgelerine do\u011fru co\u011frafi geni\u015fleme olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ate\u015fin kullan\u0131m\u0131, y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 hayvanlardan korunmak i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7 olarak geceleri hominidlere yard\u0131m etmeye devam etti. Hominidlerin a\u011fa\u00e7larda uyumak yerine yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ve ma\u011faralarda uyumas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Ate\u015f, onlar\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde daha fazla zaman ge\u00e7irmelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. \u0130nsan etkinli\u011fi i\u00e7in b\u00f6yle bir kabiliyetin giderek gerekli hale gelmesiyle birlikte iki ayakl\u0131lar\u0131n evrimine katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n
Ate\u015fin, pi\u015firmede uygulanmayla birlikte, hominidlerin yiyecek elde etme ve t\u00fcketme \u015fekillerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fikliklere yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Ate\u015f, Hominid et t\u00fcketiminde ve kalori al\u0131m\u0131nda belirgin bir art\u0131\u015fa neden oldu. Yemek pi\u015firmeye ek olarak, hominidler, etin ate\u015fle kurutulabilece\u011fini ke\u015ffetti; bu avc\u0131l\u0131k yapmakta zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanlar i\u00e7in besinleri saklamalar\u0131n\u0131 ve korumalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ate\u015f, avlanmak ve et kesmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacak ara\u00e7lar olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in bile kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Hominitler, orman yang\u0131nlar\u0131 ba\u015flatarak, av\u0131n kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lman\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Erken hominidler ate\u015fi nas\u0131l kullanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, b\u00f6ylesine faydal\u0131 bir beceri bir sosyal g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 haline geldi. Bu yetene\u011fi \u00f6\u011frenenler, \u00fcst\u00fcn olduklar\u0131 ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evrelerinde gruplar olu\u015fturmalar\u0131na ve onlara daha y\u00fcksek toplumsal konum vermelerine neden oldu. Bu, insan dilinin geli\u015fimine neden olabilecek toplumlar\u0131n olu\u015fumunu ve etkile\u015fim ve konu\u015fmay\u0131 artt\u0131rmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etti. Ate\u015f ataerkil toplum olu\u015fumunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc erkekler avlan\u0131rken kad\u0131nlar yemek pi\u015firecekti.<\/p>\n
Ate\u015fin ke\u015ffedilmesi, ilk hominidlere say\u0131s\u0131z fayda sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ate\u015fle, kendilerini korumay\u0131 ve tamamen yeni bir avlanma \u015fekli bulmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Ma\u011faralarda ate\u015f kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, kendilerini s\u0131cak tutmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu. So\u011fuk havadan korunman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, erken hominitler avlamak i\u00e7in otlar\u0131 yak\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kan\u0131tlar, erken hominidlerin hayvanlar\u0131 ate\u015fle tuza\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini ve eti pi\u015firmeyi ba\u015farabildiklerini g\u00f6steriyor. Pi\u015fmi\u015f et, sa\u011fl\u0131k i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131md\u0131. \u0130lk hominidler art\u0131k \u00e7i\u011f et t\u00fcketmiyor ve \u00e7e\u015fitli bakterilere maruz kalm\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Yakla\u015f\u0131k 164.000 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dayanan daha yeni kan\u0131tlar, G\u00fcney Afrika’da ya\u015fayan ilk insanlar\u0131n, aletler yapmak ve hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 malzemelerin mekanik \u00f6zelliklerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ate\u015fi kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, ilk insan\u0131n Silcrete ad\u0131 verilen ince taneli bir kayaya \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem y\u00f6ntemi uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren kan\u0131tlar buldular. \u0130\u015flemden ge\u00e7irildikten sonra, \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kayalara \u015fekil verilmi\u015ftir. Hilal \u015feklindeki b\u0131\u00e7akla veya ok u\u00e7lar\u0131 bu kayadan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ate\u015f sanat\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bilim adamlar\u0131, Avrupa’da Ven\u00fcs fig\u00fcrinleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan birka\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, 1 ila 10 in\u00e7lik heykeller buldular. Bu heykeller Paleolitik D\u00f6nem’e kadar uzan\u0131r ve hepsi \u00e7\u0131plak, e\u011frisel kad\u0131nlar\u0131 tasvir eder. Bu fig\u00fcrlerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu ate\u015fle i\u015flenmi\u015f ta\u015ftan ve kilden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar seramiklerin en eski \u00f6rneklerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Ate\u015f genellikle \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mlek yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7anak \u00e7\u00f6mleklerin geli\u015finin yakla\u015f\u0131k 10,000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce tar\u0131mla ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclse de, \u00c7in’deki bilim adamlar\u0131 Xianrendong Ma\u011faras\u0131nda M.\u00d6. 18.000 y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlenen seramik par\u00e7alar\u0131 ke\u015ffettiler. Ancak, M.\u00d6. 8000’de ba\u015flayan Neolitik \u00c7a\u011f d\u00f6neminde, seramiklerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok daha yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Bu \u00f6\u011feler \u00e7o\u011funlukla basit do\u011frusal tasar\u0131mlar ve geometrik \u015fekiller kullan\u0131larak oyuldu ve boyand\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ate\u015f halihaz\u0131rda d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde zaten bulunmaktayd\u0131. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m d\u00fc\u015fmeleri, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cak havan\u0131n kuru otlar\u0131 tutu\u015fturmas\u0131 veya yanarda\u011flardan \u00e7\u0131kan lavlar\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu yang\u0131nlar d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde insandan \u00f6nce bile vard\u0131. Fakat insanlar ate\u015fi…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8539,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20,22],"tags":[365,1124,366],"class_list":["post-657","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ev","category-toplum","tag-ates","tag-cakmak","tag-kibrit"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/657"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=657"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/657\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8537,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/657\/revisions\/8537"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=657"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=657"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=657"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}