Babilliler’in M.\u00d6. 1800 y\u0131llar\u0131nda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131, sigortan\u0131n bilinen ilk hukuki \u015feklini i\u00e7eriyordu. Buna g\u00f6re, bir kervana haydutlar\u0131n sald\u0131rmas\u0131 halinde, zarar kervan sahipleri aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr.\u00a0Antik Yunan ve Roma medeniyetlerinde bir t\u00fcr nakliyat sigortas\u0131 vard\u0131. Gemi sahipleri, ticaret seferine \u00e7\u0131kacaklar\u0131 zaman sermaye olarak deniz \u00f6d\u00fcnc\u00fc<\/i> denilen bir bor\u00e7 al\u0131rlard\u0131. E\u011fer gemi sa\u011f salim geri d\u00f6nerse, gemi sahibi deniz \u00f6d\u00fcnc\u00fc<\/i>n\u00fc misliyle geri \u00f6derdi. Ancak gemi yolda batarsa, deniz \u00f6d\u00fcnc\u00fc<\/i> gemi sahibinde kal\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Yine ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, Rodos Kurallar\u0131 denilen bir d\u00fczenlemeyle m\u00fc\u015fterek avarya kavram\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Buna g\u00f6re, kaptan bir tehlikeyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gemisini kurtarmak i\u00e7in y\u00fck\u00fcn bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 denize atarsa, bu zarar gemi ve y\u00fck sahipleri aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Cenevizliler tarihte sigortaya \u00f6zg\u00fc (di\u011fer ticari konular\u0131 i\u00e7ermeyen) ilk s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri yapt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130spanya’da sigorta hukukuna ili\u015fkin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1435 ve 1436 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kabul edilen iki kararname ile nakliyat sigortalar\u0131na dair kurallar kondu.<\/p>\n
17. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren \u0130ngiltere’de ilk sigorta \u015firketleri kurulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. O zamana dek sigorta i\u015fi t\u00fcccarlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ancak 1666’da 13.200 ev ve 87 kiliseyi yok eden B\u00fcy\u00fck Londra Yang\u0131n\u0131 sonras\u0131nda \u00f6yle b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlar olu\u015ftu ki, sadece yang\u0131n sigortas\u0131 \u00fczerine uzmanla\u015fan sigorta \u015firketleri kuruldu. \u00d6nemli bir ticaret merkezi olan Londra, bu y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren d\u00fcnya sigortac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen \u015fehri haline geldi.<\/p>\n
17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, Londra’n\u0131n d\u00fcnya ticaretindeki artan \u00f6nemi nedeniyle, bu \u015fehirde nakliyat sigortac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda da \u00f6nemli bir talep do\u011fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1680’lerin sonuna do\u011fru Edward Lloyd, Londra’da denizcilerin gitti\u011fi bir kahvehane<\/a> a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kahve<\/a>, zamanla gemilerini veya y\u00fcklerini sigorta ettirmek isteyenler ile bu riskleri kabul etmek isteyenlerin bulu\u015fma noktas\u0131 halini ald\u0131. Lloyd’s, zamanla kahvehaneden nakliyat ve \u00f6zel riskler konusunda uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir sigorta borsas\u0131 haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n Mucit ve siyaset adam\u0131 Benjamin Franklin, \u00fclkesi ABD’de sigortac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterdi. Kurdu\u011fu sigorta \u015firketi, yang\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sigorta yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, sigortal\u0131lar\u0131 yang\u0131n riskine kar\u015f\u0131 bilin\u00e7lendiriyor, y\u00fcksek riskli ah\u015fap binalar\u0131 sigortalam\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Sigorta kelimesi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye \u0130talyanca sicurta<\/i> kelimesinden ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Ahilik te\u015fkilat\u0131 gibi mesleki loncalar, kurduklar\u0131 yard\u0131m sand\u0131klar\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’ndaki ilk sigorta \u00f6rneklerini verdiler. Bu sand\u0131klar yang\u0131n ve \u00f6l\u00fcm gibi bug\u00fcn de sigorta konusu olan risklere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fcyelerini koruyordu.<\/p>\n Bu ilk \u00f6rnekler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye’de sigortac\u0131l\u0131k ge\u00e7 geli\u015fti. Bunun nedeni olarak \u0130slam dininin kadercilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilir. Belki de daha \u00f6nemli bir neden, ticaretin ve mali yap\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131 Avrupa’ya k\u0131yasla geri kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n 1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle \u0130stanbul’daki az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n ve yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n mallar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyen Beyo\u011flu yang\u0131n\u0131, sigorta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131na ve ilk sigorta \u015firketlerinin kurulmas\u0131na neden oldu. Bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6kenliydi. \u0130lk yerel sigorta \u015firketi, 1893 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Osmanl\u0131 Umum Sigorta \u015eirketi oldu. 1864 tarihli Deniz Ticareti Kanunu’nda sigortac\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili ilk d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu d\u00fczenlemeler 1906’da kara sigortac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcmler kanunla\u015f\u0131ncaya kadar k\u0131yas y\u00f6ntemiyle kara sigortalar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Yabanc\u0131 sigorta \u015firketlerinin ba\u015f\u0131na buyruk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek amac\u0131yla 1914’te sigorta denetimi konusunda ilk kanun \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulmas\u0131yla birlikte, milli iktisat anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011frultusunda, sigortac\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda da yerel sermayenin varl\u0131k g\u00f6stermesi i\u00e7in yeni sigorta \u015firketleri kuruldu.<\/p>\n 1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda, sigortac\u0131lar\u0131n meslek kurulu\u015fu<\/i> olarak Sigortac\u0131lar Cemiyeti Daire-i Merkeziyesi kuruldu. Bu kurulu\u015f, bug\u00fcn de varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Sigorta ve Reas\u00fcrans \u015eirketleri Birli\u011fi ad\u0131yla devam ettirmektedir.[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu’nun be\u015finci kitab\u0131nda, sigortac\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131ld\u0131. 2007 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girecek yeni T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu’nun taslak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda sigortac\u0131l\u0131kla ilgili \u00f6nemli d\u00fczenlemeler \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n 1980’li y\u0131llarda Turgut \u00d6zal’\u0131n ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde uygulanan liberal siyaset sayesinde yabanc\u0131 \u015firketler t\u00fcrk sigorta sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne d\u00f6nmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda, o zamana kadar devlet taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen sigorta tarifeleri serbest b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131.[3]<\/sup> Bunun sonucu olarak sigorta primleri ve \u015firket k\u00e2rlar\u0131 h\u0131zla d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, rekabet zorla\u015ft\u0131. D\u00fc\u015fen k\u00e2rlar ve 90’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ya\u015fanan ekonomik krizler nedeniyle yabanc\u0131 \u015firketler yava\u015f yava\u015f T\u00fcrk sigorta piyasas\u0131ndan \u00e7ekildiler. Ancak T\u00fcrk sermayeli banka ve holdinglerin \u00f6ncelikle kendi grup risklerini sigortalamak \u00fczere \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015firket kurmas\u0131 nedeniyle sekt\u00f6rde bir daralma ya\u015fanmad\u0131.<\/p>\n 1990’lar\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren T\u00fcrkiye’ye yabanc\u0131 sermayeli sigorta \u015firketlerinin yeniden geldi\u011fi ve pazar paylar\u0131n\u0131 giderek b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fckleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 2006 y\u0131l\u0131nda sekt\u00f6rde yabanc\u0131 sermayeli \u015firketlerin pazar pay\u0131\u00a0%50’yi ge\u00e7mi\u015fti.[4]<\/sup> \u0130zleyen y\u0131llarda bu e\u011filim devam etti ve T\u00fcrk sigorta sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda yabanc\u0131 sermaye etkisi alt\u0131na girdi.<\/p>\n 3 Haziran 2007’de sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn uzun s\u00fcredir bekledi\u011fi Sigortac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu kabul edildi ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. Kanun, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrk sigorta sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn Avrupa Birli\u011fi’ne uyumlu hale gelmesine y\u00f6nelik h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7eriyordu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Babilliler’in M.\u00d6. 1800 y\u0131llar\u0131nda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131, sigortan\u0131n bilinen ilk hukuki \u015feklini i\u00e7eriyordu. Buna g\u00f6re, bir kervana haydutlar\u0131n sald\u0131rmas\u0131 halinde, zarar kervan sahipleri aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr.\u00a0Antik Yunan ve Roma medeniyetlerinde bir…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[1132],"class_list":["post-7356","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-sigorta"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7356"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7356"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7356\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11543,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7356\/revisions\/11543"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7356"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7356"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7356"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}