Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda a\u015f\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Hindistan, \u00c7in, Senegal, Tunus, Cezayir, T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ran’da biliniyordu. A\u015f\u0131yla ilgili ilk \u0130ngilizce kitap, 1715 y\u0131l\u0131nda Londra’da Cerrah Kennedy taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nland\u0131. Kennedy, bu kitab\u0131nda, \u0130stanbul’da T\u00fcrklerin bu a\u015f\u0131y\u0131 nas\u0131l yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yordu:<\/p>\n
“\u00d6nce bu hastal\u0131\u011fa yeni yakalanm\u0131\u015f birinden bir \u00e7i\u00e7ek kabarc\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131yorlar. Sonra al\u0131nda, bacaklarda ya da bileklerde hacamat yoluyla baz\u0131 kesikler a\u00e7\u0131yorlar ve hastadan al\u0131nan \u00e7i\u00e7ek kabarc\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 buralardan birine yerle\u015ftiriyorlar. \u00dczerini sard\u0131ktan sonra 8 veya 10 g\u00fcn bekliyorlar. Bu s\u00fcrenin sonunda hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fal belirtileri ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Ama hi\u00e7bir zaman normal bir \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u015fiddetli olmuyor.<\/p>\n
Benim orada oldu\u011fum d\u00f6nemde, bu y\u00f6ntemle 2 bin ki\u015fiye \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131 ve bunlardan yaln\u0131zca ikisi hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisinden kurtulamayarak \u00f6ld\u00fc.” Kennedy, \u0130stanbul’a gelmeden \u00f6nce Dr. Janoin adl\u0131 Yunanl\u0131 bir doktorun da \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yazmakta. Bu doktorun da a\u015f\u0131y\u0131 uygulayan ilk Avrupal\u0131 oldu\u011fu san\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrklerden \u00f6\u011frenen bir ba\u015fka \u0130ngiliz de, Dr. Charles Maitland’d\u0131r. 1717 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Mart ay\u0131nda, Beyo\u011flu’ndaki \u0130ngiliz B\u00fcy\u00fckelcili\u011fi’nde, d\u00f6nemin b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isinin o\u011fluna a\u015f\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00c7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/b>, her ya\u015fta ve her cinste ki\u015filerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen, irinli kabarc\u0131klar d\u00f6kerek y\u00fczde izler b\u0131rakan, ate\u015fli, a\u011f\u0131r ve bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131r. Variola<\/i> da denir. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u0130ngiliz cerrah Edward Jenner<\/strong>‘\u0131n buldu\u011fu iddia edilse de Osmanl\u0131 Devletinde 1630’dan beri \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair yaz\u0131l\u0131 kan\u0131tlar vard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u0130ngiltere’ye 1700’l\u00fc y\u0131llarda Mary Wortley Montagu<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul’da g\u00f6r\u00fclerek g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6yle ki Lady Montagu 2 \u00e7ocu\u011funu \u0130stanbul’da a\u015f\u0131latm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektuplarda \u00e7i\u00e7ek a\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k ve net bir \u015fekilde bahsedilmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00c7i\u00e7ek, XVIII. yy\u2019 da b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada hala k\u0131y\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bu tehlikeli hastal\u0131ktan korunmak i\u00e7in \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fe tutulmu\u015f hastan\u0131n irininden sa\u011flam insanlara bula\u015ft\u0131rmaya dayanan a\u015f\u0131lama y\u00f6ntemi \u00c7in de 1014\u2019 en beri biliniyordu. Y\u00f6ntem etkili bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sa\u011fl\u0131yordu ve XVIII yy\u2019 da bat\u0131da biraz olsun yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama bunu yaparken hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 bula\u015ft\u0131rma gibi bir tehlike de daima s\u00f6z konusuydu.<\/p>\n \u0130ngiliz hekimi Edward Jenner\u2019 in ke\u015ffetti\u011fi y\u00f6ntem b\u00fcy\u00fck bir gelecek vaat ediyordu. Jenner do\u011frudan \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi a\u015f\u0131layacak yerde, 14 may\u0131s 1796 da hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015fka bir \u00e7e\u015fidini, ineklerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir t\u00fcr \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi a\u015f\u0131lad\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Jenner \u00e7iftlikte inek sa\u011farken hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaparak \u00e7ok hafif belirtilerle ge\u00e7iren k\u0131zlar\u0131n bir daha asla \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fe yakalanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark etti.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn biliyoruz ki, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011finin vir\u00fcs\u00fc insan \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011finden farkl\u0131d\u0131r ama insan \u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fini etkisizle\u015ftirecek antikorlar\u0131n \u00fcretimini sa\u011flayacak kadar da ona yak\u0131nd\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131n\u0131n veya a\u015f\u0131laman\u0131n ilkesi; tehlike yaratmayacak ko\u015fullarda bir vir\u00fcse veya bir mikroba kar\u015f\u0131 v\u00fccutta ilk kez antikor \u00fcretimini sa\u011flamaktan ibarettir. (a\u015f\u0131lanacak mikrop ya yak\u0131n t\u00fcrden ve zarars\u0131z olacak yada as\u0131l mikrop ama \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olacak) Hastal\u0131k etkeniyle ileride yeniden kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman organizma art\u0131k tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkisiz hale getirecek yeni antikor h\u0131zla \u00fcretmeye koyulacak.<\/p>\n Daha sonralar\u0131 gliserin kullan\u0131larak a\u015f\u0131y\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre saklamak haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden uzak yerlere g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek olana\u011f\u0131 bulundu. Formolle hafifletme y\u00f6ntemi de bir ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck veya \u00e7ok zay\u0131f \u00e7ocuklarda hafif yan tesirlere yol a\u00e7acak bir a\u015f\u0131 elde edilmesi sa\u011flayacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda a\u015f\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Hindistan, \u00c7in, Senegal, Tunus, Cezayir, T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ran’da biliniyordu. A\u015f\u0131yla ilgili ilk \u0130ngilizce kitap, 1715 y\u0131l\u0131nda Londra’da Cerrah Kennedy taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nland\u0131….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":17103,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[1098,406],"class_list":["post-739","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-saglik","tag-asi","tag-cicek-asisi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/739"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=739"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/739\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17104,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/739\/revisions\/17104"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/17103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=739"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=739"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=739"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Edward Jenner<\/h3>\n