{"id":8030,"date":"2015-01-06T15:26:13","date_gmt":"2015-01-06T13:26:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8030"},"modified":"2017-01-06T15:32:32","modified_gmt":"2017-01-06T13:32:32","slug":"celik-halati-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8030","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7elik Halat\u0131 kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tarihte ilk b\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc demir \u00e7elik halat Harz Da\u011flar\u0131ndaki (Saksonya) Clausthal\u2019da maden memuru olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Wilhelm Albert<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan 1831-34 aras\u0131nda geli\u015ftirildi. Albert yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk \u00e7elik halat ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 madende kald\u0131rma ve \u00e7ekme i\u015flerinde ba\u015far\u0131yla kullanarak \u00e7elik halat\u0131n kendir halattan daha kullan\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve daha ucuz oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlad\u0131 ve bunun sonucunda Avrupa\u2019da ki pek \u00e7ok madende \u00e7elik halatlar kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00e7ok say\u0131da mucit<\/strong> \u00e7elik halat patenti ald\u0131. Bu mucitlerden en tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f\u0131 olan Andrew Smith<\/strong>\u2019in geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi, belirli uzunluktaki tellerin paralel olarak birbirine ba\u011flanmas\u0131yla elde edilen \u015ferit .yap\u0131l\u0131 halat, \u00e7ok sert olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u0130ngiliz Kraliyet Deniz Kuvvetleri gemilerinin yelkenlerinin indirilip kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de b\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc \u00e7elik halat kullan\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck edenin Alman as\u0131ll\u0131 in\u015faat m\u00fchendisi John Augustus Roebling<\/strong> oldu\u011fu kabul edilir. Roebling\u2019in el yap\u0131m\u0131 ilk \u00e7elik halatlar\u0131 ve 1849\u2019da Trenton\u2019da (New Jersey) kurdu\u011fu fabrikada \u00fcretti\u011fi \u00e7elik halatlar, kanallarda gemilerin \u00e7ekilmesinde ve madenlerde kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Roebling Amerikan \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan (1861-65) sonra seri \u00e7elik halat \u00fcretimine ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Schuylkill Irma\u011f\u0131 (Philadelphia) \u00fczerinde 1816\u2019da hizmete giren 124 m a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kl\u0131 asma k\u00f6pr\u00fcdeki uygulaman\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u00fczerine birbirine paralel tellerden olu\u015fan \u015ferit yap\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7elik halatlar \u00f6zellikle asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc yap\u0131m\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu asma k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan \u00e7elik halatlar yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,9 m \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki alt\u0131 telden olu\u015fuyordu. Ingiltere\u2019de Galashi- el\u2019de 1816\u2019da kurulan asma k\u00f6pr\u00fc ile Fransa\u2019da 1834\u2019te tamamlanan 268 m a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kl\u0131 Fribourg K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde de \u015ferit yap\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7elik halatlar kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1884\u2019te Latch ve Batchelor\u2019\u0131n kenet telli halatlar\u0131 ve 1885\u2019te Thomas Seale\u2019\u0131n e\u015fit b\u00fck\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemini geli\u015ftirmeleriyle b\u00fck\u00fcm tekniklerinde yeni bir \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bu bulu\u015flar\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan da y\u00fcksek gerilime dayamml\u0131 \u00e7elik tel geli\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de yenim olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu uygulamalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, b\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc \u00e7elik \u00e7elik halatlar en \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan metal malzemelerdir. \u00c7elik \u00e7elik halatlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda ise galvanizli \u00e7elik, yenime kar\u015f\u0131 dayan\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7elik ve fosforlu tun\u00e7 tellerden yap\u0131lan halatlar kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7elik Halat Nas\u0131l Yap\u0131l\u0131r<\/h2>\n

\u00c7elik halat \u00fcretimi temelde, do\u011fal ya da yapay elyaftan halat yap\u0131m\u0131na olduk\u00e7a benzer bir i\u015flemdir. \u00d6nce, belli say\u0131da tel kendi aralar\u0131nda b\u00fck\u00fclerek tel demetleri elde edilir. Belirli say\u0131daki tel demeti de (genellikle alt\u0131) bir fitilin \u00e7evresine dolanarak \u00e7elik halat elde edilir. Fitil, \u00e7elik telden; sisal ya da manila keneviri, heneken, j\u00fct ya da kendir elyaf\u0131ndan ya da polipropilen liflerinden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Fitil, tel demetleri, yani halat kollan aras\u0131nda yast\u0131k i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr, halat b\u00fck\u00fcl\u00fcrken kollar\u0131n birbiri \u00fczerinde kaymas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar ve halat\u0131n dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. \u00e7elik halat yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan teller b\u00fck\u00fcm makinesine beslenmeden \u00f6nce b\u00fcy\u00fck makaralardan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bobinlere sar\u0131l\u0131r. Bu yeniden sarma i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bobindeki telin a\u00e7\u0131kta kalan ucu bir ba\u015fka bobindeki telin ucuna kaynaklanarak demetteki telin s\u00fcreklili\u011fi sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Telin demetler halinde b\u00fck\u00fclmesi ve olu\u015fan demetlerin de fitilin \u00e7evresine sar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u015flemleri \u00f6zel olarak geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7elik halat b\u00fckme makineleriyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Bu makinelerin genel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc, elyaf halat yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan makinelerinkine benzer. Ama, tellere zarar vermeden daha sa\u011flam bir halat yap\u0131s\u0131 elde edebilmek amac\u0131yla, b\u00fck\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f demetlerin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve sar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kovanlar\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Halat kollar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ap\u0131, kolu olu\u015fturan tel say\u0131s\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Daha \u00e7ok say\u0131da daha ince tel kullan\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a demetin esnekli\u011fi artar. \u00d6te yandan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 tellerden olu\u015fan bir demet, halat\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nma dayan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131r. En yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan genel ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7elik halatlar, her biri 25 tel i\u00e7eren alt\u0131 koldan olu\u015fur. Daha fazla esnekli\u011fin gerekli oldu\u011fu uygulamalarda ise demetlerde 31, 41 ya da 49 tel bulunur.<\/p>\n

Bobin ya da makaralara sar\u0131lan tel demetleri daha sonra kollar halinde fitilin \u00e7evresinde birlikte b\u00fck\u00fclerek halat haline getirilir. Bu b\u00fck\u00fcc\u00fcler, elyaf halat \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan yatay ya da dikey b\u00fckme makinelerine benzer. Tel demetlerin sar\u0131l\u0131 bulundu\u011fu bobinler d\u00f6nd\u00fck\u00e7e demetler s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve alt\u0131 tel demeti halat fitilinin \u00e7evresine sar\u0131larak halat\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Demetler halat haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckten sonra bucurgat ilkesiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir \u00e7ift yivli kovan taraf\u0131ndan makineden al\u0131n\u0131r. Al\u0131c\u0131 kovandaki halat daha yava\u015f d\u00f6nmekte olan makaralara sar\u0131larak kullan\u0131ma haz\u0131r hale getirilir. En b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fck\u00fcc\u00fclerde 100 ton a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa kadar \u00e7elik halatlar \u00fcretilebilir, bir halat 7,5 cm \u00e7ap\u0131nda ve yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.250 m uzunlu\u011fundaki bir \u00e7elik halata e\u015fde\u011ferdir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7ap\u0131 12,5 cm\u2019yi bulan \u00e7elik halatlar da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Halat\u0131 olu\u015fturan tel demetleri (kollar) sol b\u00fck\u00fcmle elde edilirken, demetler halat\u00a0haline sokulurken genellikle sa\u011fa do\u011fru b\u00fck\u00fcm yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ama g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde sa\u011f b\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc \u00e7elik halatlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sol b\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc halatlar da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131<\/h2>\n

\u00c7elik halatlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla kald\u0131rma, \u00e7ekme ve ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015flemleri ile vin\u00e7, asans\u00f6r ve maden asans\u00f6r\u00fc gibi donan\u0131mlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. H\u0131zl\u0131 hareketin ve b\u00fck\u00fclme gerilmelerinin s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu uygulamalarda ise esnek \u00e7elik halatlardan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Destek ve germe i\u015flemlerinde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7elik halatlar ile bariyer halatlar\u0131 6\u00d77 (her biri yedi telden olu\u015fan alt\u0131 kol) yerine 6xl9\u2019luktur.<\/p>\n

Benzer ama\u00e7larla denizcilikte kullan\u0131lan \u00e7elik halatlar ise \u00e7o\u011funlukla galvanizlidir. Yelkenlerin indirilip kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, demirleme ve \u00e7ekme i\u015flemlerinde 6\u00d77\u2019lik \u00e7elik halatlar kullan\u0131l\u0131r; daha esnek halatlar\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011fu uygulamalarda kollardaki tel say\u0131s\u0131 daha fazla olan halatlardan yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tarihte ilk b\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc demir \u00e7elik halat Harz Da\u011flar\u0131ndaki (Saksonya) Clausthal\u2019da maden memuru olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Wilhelm Albert taraf\u0131ndan 1831-34 aras\u0131nda geli\u015ftirildi. Albert yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk \u00e7elik halat ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 madende kald\u0131rma ve…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[1449,2941,2942,2943],"class_list":["post-8030","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-celik","tag-celik-halat","tag-halat","tag-ip"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8030"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8030"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8030\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8031,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8030\/revisions\/8031"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8030"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8030"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8030"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}