{"id":8064,"date":"2012-04-23T16:51:09","date_gmt":"2012-04-23T14:51:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8064"},"modified":"2017-01-06T16:54:28","modified_gmt":"2017-01-06T14:54:28","slug":"tekelci-rekabet-kuramini-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8064","title":{"rendered":"Tekelci Rekabet Kuram\u0131n\u0131 kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Tekelci rekabet, \u00e7ok say\u0131da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z al\u0131c\u0131 ve sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. Pazar\u0131n co\u011frafi a\u00e7\u0131dan par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 gibi etkenlerden dolay\u0131 rekabetin tam olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 piyasa yap\u0131s\u0131. Tekelci rekabet kuram\u0131 ilk kez ABD\u2019li iktisat\u00e7\u0131 <strong>Edward Hastings Chamberlin<\/strong>\u2019in Theory of Monopolistic Competition (1933; Tekelci Rekabet Kuram\u0131) ile \u0130ngiliz iktisat\u00e7\u0131 <strong>Joan Robinson<\/strong>\u2019 \u0131n Economics of Imperfect Competition (1933; Eksik Rekabet \u0130ktisad\u0131) adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131nda ortaya konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Kuram\u0131n kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli piyasa durumlar\u0131ndan biri otan \u00fcr\u00fcn farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, bir mal\u0131n marka, \u00f6zel bile\u015fim, sat\u0131\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 hizmet gibi ara\u00e7larla t\u00fcketiciye \u00f6zg\u00fcl bi\u00e7imde sunulmas\u0131n\u0131 belirtir; hu durumda bu mal\u0131n sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 k\u0131smi bir tekele sahip say\u0131l\u0131rlar. Kuram ayr\u0131ca bir sanayi dal\u0131nda az say\u0131daki b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcreticinin etkin oldu\u011fu oligopol durumu, belli bir mal\u0131n farkl\u0131 fiyatlarla sat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tek bir al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu monopson durumu gibi piyasa ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 inceler.<\/p>\n<p>Geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist ekonomilerdeki \u00e7e\u015fitli sanayi dallar\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 ile oligopol durumuna yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde rastlanmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f ilgi g\u00f6ren tekelci rekabet kuram\u0131, fiyat kuram\u0131 \u00fczerinde, tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin uzanan etkiler yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>Tekel Nedir<\/h2>\n<p>tekel, ikame edilemeyen bir mal ya da hizmet \u00fcreticisinin piyasay\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na denetlemesi. Bu durumda, \u00fcretici mal\u0131n\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131 rekabetten \u00e7ekinmeden en y\u00fcksek k\u00e2r\u0131 elde edecek bi\u00e7imde belirleyebilir.<\/p>\n<p>Mutlak tekel durumu tam rekabetin kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan durumu belirtir. Tam rekabetin bulundu\u011fu piyasalarda bir mal\u0131n \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fcretici ve al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00dcreticilerden her biri piyasan\u0131n g\u00f6rece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir pay\u0131na sahiptir. Bu nedenle, \u00fcretim miktar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek yoluyla piyasada olu\u015fmu\u015f fiyat\u0131 etkileyemez; ayr\u0131ca m\u00fc\u015fterilerini kaybedece\u011fi korkusuyla mal\u0131n\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131 piyasa fiyat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde tutamaz. Mutlak tekel ve tam rekabet kavramlar\u0131 iktisadi ilkeleri a\u00e7\u0131klamada yararl\u0131 olmakla birlikte bu kavramlar\u0131n i\u00e7erdi\u011fi ko\u015fullara uygulamada pek rastlanmaz. Genelde, tekel terimi k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmakla birlikte belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde rekabetin g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, tam rekabet ise rekabet ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 etkenlerce daha az k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar\u0131 anlatmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz antitekel yasalar\u0131nda yer alan ve genel kabul g\u00f6ren bir tan\u0131ma g\u00f6re tekel, belirli bir mal ya da hizmetin toplam \u00fcretim d\u00fczeyinin en az \u00fc\u00e7te birini tek bir firma ya da ortak davranan birka\u00e7 firman\u0131n denetledi\u011fi durumda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Az say\u0131daki \u00fcreticinin fiyat\u0131 ve birbirlerinin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkileyebildi\u011fi piyasa durumu oligo-pol olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Oligopol ko\u015fullar\u0131nda etkinlik g\u00f6steren firmalar \u00e7o\u011funlukla birlikte davranma e\u011filimi g\u00f6sterirler; yasalar\u0131n izin vermesi durumunda da fiyat ve miktar anla\u015fmalar\u0131 yaparak kartel olu\u015ftururlar.<\/p>\n<p>Tekellerin \u00f6l\u00e7ek ekonomilerinin olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak \u00fcretim maliyetlerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesine ve etkinli\u011fin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunanlar vard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca tekellerin rekabetten kaynaklanan baz\u0131 savurganl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nledi\u011fi, at\u0131l kapasiteyi ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve uzun d\u00f6nemli planlamay\u0131 olanakl\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tekellere kar\u015f\u0131 olanlar ise tekelin piyasadaki g\u00fcc\u00fc sayesinde \u00fcretimi ve mal \u00e7e\u015fidini k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00e2r elde etmek amac\u0131yla fiyatlar\u0131 y\u00fckseltti\u011fini, b\u00f6ylece t\u00fcketiciyi s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerler. Bunlara g\u00f6re rekabetin bulunmamas\u0131 etkinli\u011fin azalmas\u0131na ve sonu\u00e7ta \u00fcretim fakt\u00f6rlerinin verimsiz kullan\u0131m\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6zel giri\u015fim sisteminin yanda\u015flar\u0131, tekellerin kat\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde denetlenerek yaln\u0131zca belirli alanlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 savunurlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, do\u011fal gaz alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u015firkete izin verilmesi bir\u00e7ok rakip boru hatt\u0131 ile da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m sisteminin kurulmas\u0131na, b\u00f6ylece kaynak savurganl\u0131\u011f\u0131na neden olacakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6zellikle kamu hizmeti alanlar\u0131nda ve teknik bak\u0131mdan \u201cdo\u011fal tekelin\u201d zorunlu oldu\u011fu alanlarda bir firman\u0131n tekel konumunda etkinlik g\u00f6sterebilmesi, ama bu tekelin fiyatlar\u0131 ve arz\u0131 denetleme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<h2>Antitr\u00f6st yasalar\u0131<\/h2>\n<p>Serbest giri\u015fime dayal\u0131 ekonomik sistemlerin \u00e7o\u011funda tekelle\u015fmeyi denetlemeye y\u00f6nelik olduk\u00e7a kapsaml\u0131 yasal d\u00fczenlemeler geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda en eski ve s\u0131k\u0131 alanlardan biri ABD antitr\u00f6st yasalar\u0131d\u0131r. Temelinde Sherman ve Clayton Antitr\u00f6st yasalar\u0131 ile Celler-Kefauver Yasas\u0131\u2019n-dan olu\u015fan bu d\u00fczenlemeler \u00fcreticiler aras\u0131nda rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 anla\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve firmalar\u0131n tekel olu\u015fturacak ya da rekabeti k\u0131s\u0131tlayacak bi\u00e7imde birle\u015fmelerini engellemeyi ama\u00e7lar. A\u011f\u0131r cezalar \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bu yasalar \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6netimler taraf\u0131ndan kat\u0131 bi\u00e7imde uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tekele izin verildi\u011fi kamu hizmeti alanlar\u0131nda ise tekel g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla s\u0131k\u0131 bir denetim uygulan\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkesinde benimsenmi\u015f olan tekel kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 yasalar ABD\u2019dekilere benzer. Ama bunlarda \u201ckamu yarar\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131na daha b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilir; b\u00f6ylece, kamu yarar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131tlanabilen anla\u015fma ve eylemlere, rekabeti belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131yor olsalar bile izin verilir. Genelde tekelle\u015fme d\u00fczeyi ABD\u2019de, tekeller aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da kamu i\u015fletmesinin bulundu\u011fu Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6re g\u00f6rece olarak daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tekelci rekabet, \u00e7ok say\u0131da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z al\u0131c\u0131 ve sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. Pazar\u0131n co\u011frafi a\u00e7\u0131dan par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 gibi etkenlerden dolay\u0131 rekabetin tam olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 piyasa yap\u0131s\u0131. Tekelci rekabet kuram\u0131 ilk kez ABD\u2019li&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[2958,2957,2956],"class_list":["post-8064","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-kuram","tag-rekabet","tag-tekel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8064"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8064"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8064\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8065,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8064\/revisions\/8065"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8064"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8064"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8064"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}