{"id":8089,"date":"2010-02-03T18:18:43","date_gmt":"2010-02-03T16:18:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8089"},"modified":"2018-02-25T18:01:05","modified_gmt":"2018-02-25T16:01:05","slug":"petrol-kuyusu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8089","title":{"rendered":"\u0130lk Petrol Kuyusu, Petrol Kuyusunu kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pek \u00e7ok kimse petrol \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in kuyu a\u00e7man\u0131n ilk kez Edwin Drake<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sanmaktad\u0131r. Onun modern \u00e7a\u011flarda bu y\u00f6ntemi deneyen ilk insan oldu\u011fu do\u011frudur. Ama yakla\u015f\u0131k 2000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u00c7inliler do\u011fal gaz ve petrol aramak i\u00e7in topra\u011f\u0131 kazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7inliler, bug\u00fcn sondaj i\u015fleminde kullan\u0131lan \u00e7elik k\u0131l\u0131f yerine, a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 kuyuya i\u00e7leri bo\u015f bambu kam\u0131\u015flar\u0131 koyarak, kenarlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri do\u011fru \u00e7\u00f6kmesini \u00f6nlemenin y\u00f6ntemini biliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Drake\u2019in, \u00c7inlilerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi bilmemesine kar\u015f\u0131n geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi y\u00f6ntem, \u00c7inlilerinkinden pek ayr\u0131 de\u011fildir. Drake, k\u0131z\u0131lderililerle Amerikal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin tuz aramak i\u00e7in yeri burgularla kazma y\u00f6ntemlerinden esinlenerek ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi petrol \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131nda da uygulamay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc. Yerlilerin uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 ilkel kaz\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi ile petrol ta\u015f\u0131yan tabakalara kadar inilemiyece\u011fini de bildi\u011finden yeni bir y\u00f6ntem geli\u015ftirmek gerekiyordu.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden hareketle Drake, tuz kuyular\u0131 a\u00e7an bir ekiple kendi petrol \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemlerini ba\u015flatmak \u00fczere anla\u015ft\u0131. Ekip, yer kabu\u011funu d\u00f6nerek delen keskin bir burgu kullan\u0131yordu. Delme i\u015flemi ba\u015far\u0131 ile s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ama bir g\u00fcn, rastlanan yeralt\u0131ndaki su, a\u00e7\u0131lan delikten f\u0131\u015fk\u0131r\u0131nca, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in durduruldu.<\/p>\n

Drake, sondaj derine do\u011fru gittik\u00e7e, kuyu kenarlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri do\u011fru \u00e7\u00f6kmesini ve yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131n\u0131n kuyunun i\u00e7ine dolmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, kuyu kenarlar\u0131n\u0131n desteklenmesi gerekti\u011fini anlad\u0131. \u0130\u00e7i bo\u015f bir \u00e7\u0131nar a\u011fac\u0131 deli\u011fe sokularak bu sorun da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlendi. B\u00f6ylece petrole rastlan\u0131ncaya dek sondaj i\u015flemi aral\u0131ks\u0131z olarak s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar Drake\u2019in uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6ntem bug\u00fcn ilkel gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorsa da, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde petrol ve do\u011fal gaz ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile u\u011fra\u015fanlar\u0131n uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6ntemler de ayn\u0131 temele dayan\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn de kuyular bir t\u00fcr burgu kullanarak a\u00e7\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fal gaz ve petrole rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bas\u0131n\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131lan deli\u011fin kenarlar\u0131ndaki \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fclerin \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in kuyu, borularla sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcm bu i\u015flemler olduk\u00e7a kolay gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorsa da, kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7ler \u00e7ok pahal\u0131, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar ise karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r.
\nBir \u015firket kuyu a\u00e7ma i\u015flemine karar verip arazi sahibi ile anla\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra, gerekli aletlerle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir ekip, sondaj yap\u0131lacak yere gelir. E\u011fer delme i\u015flemi \u0131ss\u0131z bir yerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecekse, bu noktaya uzanan yolun ve sondaj kulesinin yerle\u015fece\u011fi yerin d\u00fczeltilmesi gereklidir.<\/p>\n

Daha sonra sondaj kulesini olu\u015fturacak gere\u00e7ler i\u015fyerine getirilerek platformun tam \u00fcst\u00fcne gelecek bi\u00e7imde yerine tak\u0131l\u0131r. Kulenin ve platformun yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan gere\u00e7ler birbirlerine kolayca eklenebilecek bi\u00e7imdedir. Kulelerin ilk yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda, yap\u0131mlar\u0131nda a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7elik putreller (demir direkler) kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bir\u00e7ok petrol aray\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve kurulmas\u0131 kolay oldu\u011fundan, portatif kuleler yard\u0131m\u0131yla sondaj i\u015flemlerini y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi ye\u011flemektedirler.<\/p>\n

Kule kurulduktan sonra i\u015f\u00e7iler sondaj aletlerinin \u00e7e\u015fitli par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 yerine takarlar. Keskin \u00e7elik u\u00e7lu burgular topra\u011f\u0131 delerek do\u011fal gaz ve petrol\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu toprak katlar\u0131na kadar iner. Sert kayalar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu toprak katlar\u0131n\u0131n delinmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda elmas burgu ucu kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Burgu, \u201ckoruma borusu\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bir dizi borunun ucundad\u0131r. Sondaj borusu kule sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131nda yer alan \u00f6zel bir tablaya ge\u00e7en d\u00f6rtgen ya da alt\u0131gen somun bi\u00e7imindeki par\u00e7aya ba\u011flan\u0131r. Sondaj i\u015flemi ba\u015flay\u0131nca tabla da d\u00f6nmeye ba\u015flar. O zaman somun, sondaj borusu ve burgu da onunla birlikte d\u00f6nerler.
\nBurgu 10 m. derinli\u011fe indikten sonra, d\u00f6ner tabla durdurulur ve sondaj borusu delikten \u00e7ekilir. Ekip tablaya 9 m. uzunlu\u011funda yeni bir boru takar ve delmeye yeniden ba\u015flan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece delme i\u015flemi s\u00fcrekli olarak yinelenir.<\/p>\n

Burgu, \u00f6zellikle kayalar\u0131n delinmesi s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcrt\u00fcnmeden dolay\u0131 \u00e7ok \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. So\u011futma amac\u0131 ile, i\u00e7inde kimyasal maddeler bulunan \u00f6zel kar\u0131\u015f\u0131ml\u0131\u00a0bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7amur (buna sondaj mat\u0131 da denir) borunun i\u00e7inden dibe do\u011fru ak\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r ve dipte, borunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile delinen toprak aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Bu s\u0131rada s\u0131cakl\u0131k bu \u00f6zel \u00e7amura ge\u00e7erek burgunun so\u011fumas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. B\u00f6ylece i\u015flevini tamamlayan \u00e7amur daha sonra y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131karken, beraberinde kaya ve maden par\u00e7alar\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131r. Y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7amur temizlenir ve yeniden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6nderilir.<\/p>\n

Kuyunun duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam tutmaya yarayan, koruma borusu denilen \u00e7elik borular delikten a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya indirilir. S\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ve duvarlar\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, bu \u00e7elik borularla kuyunun duvarlar\u0131 aras\u0131na beton d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Beton donup\u00a0sertle\u015fince, burgu do\u011fal gaz ya da petrol yata\u011f\u0131n\u0131 deldi\u011fi an meydana gelecek kuvvetli bas\u0131nc\u0131n kuyuyu bozmas\u0131 \u00f6nlenir. Buna ek olarak, kuyunun en \u00fcst noktas\u0131na konulan bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 supap (s\u0131f\u0131rlama d\u00fczene\u011fi) kuvvetli bas\u0131n\u00e7 ile \u00e7\u0131kmak isteyen do\u011fal gaz ve petrol\u00fcn kaybolmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye yarar.<\/p>\n

Kuyunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abalara kar\u015f\u0131n zaman zaman yine de baz\u0131 sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bazen burgu,koruma borusundan ayr\u0131labilir. Ekibin bu durumlarda \u00f6zel aletlerle burguyu yakalamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gerekir. E\u011fer burgu \u00f6zel aletler kullan\u0131larak yakalanamazsa, kuyunun i\u00e7ine burgunun kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere kadar beton d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Daha sonra metalden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u0131vr\u0131k u\u00e7lu bir alet kuyunun i\u00e7ine indirilir. Bu noktada \u00e7engel, engeli ge\u00e7mesine yard\u0131m eder ve sondaj yeni bir y\u00f6nde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.
\nSondaj ekibi g\u00f6zenekli kayalara rastlarsa, burada do\u011fal gaz ya da petrol bulunabilece\u011fini bilir. Petrol ya da do\u011fal gaza eri\u015febilmek i\u00e7in milyonlarca y\u0131l onlar\u0131 saklam\u0131\u015f olan kaya tabakalar\u0131n\u0131n delinmesi gerekecektir. Baz\u0131 petrol kaynaklar\u0131nda, petrolle birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde su ya da do\u011fal gaz bulunur. Bu durumda en son kaya tabakas\u0131 delindi\u011finde do\u011fal gaz ve su serbest olarak delikten \u00e7\u0131kmak isteyecek ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bas\u0131n\u00e7la petrol kulesinin tepesine kadar f\u0131\u015fk\u0131racakt\u0131r. Bu, \u00e7ok miktarda petrol\u00fcn ziyan olmas\u0131na hatta bazen sondaj kulesinin de zarar g\u00f6rmesine neden olur. B\u00f6yle durumlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131 ile sondaj ekibi do\u011fal gaz ya da petrole yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kuyuya kontrol vanalar\u0131 tak\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fal gaz ya da petrol\u00fc kuyunun tepesine kadar \u00e7\u0131karabilecek bas\u0131n\u00e7 varsa, kontrol vanas\u0131 biraz a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Bu i\u015flem, bir miktar petrol\u00fcn depo edilece\u011fi varillere akmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Bir sondaj kulesinde petrol\u00fcn ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen pek \u00e7ok vana vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fczerinde bulundu\u011fu iskeleye \u201cNoel a\u011fac\u0131\u201d denir.<\/p>\n

Bazen kayna\u011f\u0131n \u00fczerinde gaz\u0131 ya da petrol\u00fc y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131karabilecek kadar bas\u0131n\u00e7 olmaz. B\u00f6yle durumlarda petrol\u00fc \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in pompalar kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130yi bir kuyu fazla sorun yaratmadan y\u0131llarca \u00fcretimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir; ancak bir kuyunun verimi normalin alt\u0131na indi\u011fi zaman petrol\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015fka \u00f6nlemlere ba\u015fvurulur. Bunun bir yolu, kayna\u011f\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik bir yerine ba\u015fka bir kuyu a\u00e7makt\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131lan kuyudan i\u00e7eri y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 gaz pompalanarak kayna\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde kalan petrol ya da do\u011fal gaz d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaya zorlan\u0131r. Gaz yerine bazen su, bazen de kaya katlar\u0131ndaki deliklerde kalan petrol\u00fc toplayabilecek \u00f6zel bir deterjan kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Petrol \u00e7ok kal\u0131n bir halde bulunuyorsa ve kolayl\u0131kla akm\u0131yorsa, kuyuya bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 buhar pompalan\u0131r ve s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131 olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in de kuyunun a\u011fz\u0131 iyice kapat\u0131l\u0131r.\u00a0\u0130\u00e7eride kalan buhar kaynaktaki petrol\u00fc \u0131s\u0131t\u0131r.
\nYine kayna\u011f\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik bir yerinden yeni bir kuyu a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r ve bu kuyudan i\u00e7eriye bas\u0131n\u00e7 pompalan\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu i\u015flemler sonucu eski kuyudan yeniden petrol akmaya ba\u015flar. Bazen de yeralt\u0131nda, yukar\u0131dan kontrol edilebilen bir ate\u015f yak\u0131larak, bunun azar azar yay\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r. S\u0131cakl\u0131k petrol\u00fcn \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131na ve daha kolay akmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

Kuyudan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan gaz ya da petrol\u00fcn sat\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan elde edilecek kazan\u00e7, \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemi i\u00e7in harcanandan fazla oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, i\u015fletmeci o kuyuyu i\u015fletmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcr.\u00a0Baz\u0131 durumlarda bir\u00e7ok kuyunun ayn\u0131 kaynaktan petrol \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6yle durumlarda, her kuyunun her g\u00fcn belirli bir oranda petrol \u00e7ekmesine izin verilir. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle \u00fcretim s\u0131raya konur. Bu y\u00f6ntemle bir i\u015fletme,pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fenden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 alamaz. Ayn\u0131 zamanda kuyular belirli aralarla a\u00e7\u0131larak, yeralt\u0131 bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek kalmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sondaj i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bazen petrol\u00fcn g\u00f6zenekli kaya tabakalar\u0131nda tutuldu\u011fu ve y\u00fczeye \u00e7ekilemeyece\u011fi durumlara da rastlan\u0131r. B\u00f6yle durumlarda, kuyuya hidroklorik asit ve su d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m kayalar\u0131 eritir ve b\u00f6ylece petrol rahatl\u0131kla akmaya ba\u015flar. Kimi zaman da kuyuya indirilen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck patlay\u0131c\u0131lar uzaktan kumanda edilerek patlat\u0131l\u0131r. Patlamada kayalar par\u00e7alan\u0131r, petrol de yeni olu\u015fan kanallardan akmaya ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Aray\u0131c\u0131lar genellikle petrol ya da do\u011fal gaz bulununcaya kadar sondaj\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler, \u201ckuru delik\u201d oldu\u011funu anlad\u0131klar\u0131 petrol akmayan kuyunun sondaj\u0131ndan ise vazge\u00e7erler. Daha \u00f6nce do\u011fal gaz ya da petrol bulunmam\u0131\u015f bir arazide kazan\u00e7 getirebilecek kadar do\u011fal gaz ya da petrol bulabilme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 % 2 oran\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ba\u015fka kuyular\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu arazide yap\u0131lan sondaj i\u015fleminin ba\u015far\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise d\u00f6rtte birdir. D\u00fcnyada a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f en derin kuyu Oklahoma\u2019dad\u0131r. Burada 9000 metreyi a\u015fan derinli\u011fe inilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bazen de yataklar deniz suyunun alt\u0131ndaki yer kabu\u011funun y\u00fczlerce metre derinliklerindedir. Aray\u0131c\u0131, denize k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 olan bir devletin k\u0131ta sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede sondaj yapma\u011fa karar verirse, o devletin y\u00f6netiminden izin almas\u0131 gerekir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131ta sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki sular, o \u00fclkenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde say\u0131l\u0131r. K\u0131ta sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclkeye ait k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n deniz alt\u0131ndaki uzant\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar olumlu sonu\u00e7 verebilece\u011fi kan\u0131s\u0131 uyand\u0131r\u0131rsa, aray\u0131c\u0131 o devletle sondaj alan\u0131nda i\u015fe ba\u015flamak i\u00e7in bir kiralama ya da i\u015fletme anla\u015fmas\u0131 yapar, e\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonunda petrol \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131rsa, petrolden elde etti\u011fi kazanc\u0131n belirli b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc o devlete \u00f6deyecektir. Denizde yap\u0131lan do\u011fal gaz ve petrol sondaj\u0131 ile karada yap\u0131lan sondaj i\u015flemleri aras\u0131ndaki tek ayr\u0131cal\u0131k, sondaj kulesinin deniz \u00fczerinde y\u00fczer olmas\u0131 ya da dibe uzanan ayaklar \u00fczerine oturtulmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

120 m\u2019ye kadar olan s\u0131\u011f sularda ayaklar\u0131 denizin dibine kadar inebilen metal yap\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Sondaj aletleri suyun \u00fczerindeki kulenin sahanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bulunur. Ayr\u0131ca denizin \u00fczerinde \u015famand\u0131ralar yard\u0131m\u0131 ile y\u00fczen sondaj kuleleri de vard\u0131r. \u00c7ok derin sularda ise, \u00f6zel bir sondaj gemisi kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu gemilerde ekibin t\u00fcm gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek gere\u00e7ler vard\u0131r. Sondaj yap\u0131lacak b\u00f6lge k\u0131y\u0131ya \u00e7ok yak\u0131nsa ekip k\u0131y\u0131yla kule aras\u0131nda motorla ya da helikopterle gidip gelebilir. A\u00e7\u0131klarda ve derin sularda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda, ekip uzun s\u00fcre gemide ya\u015famak zorunda kal\u0131r. Denizlerde yap\u0131lan sondaj i\u015flemlerinde kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7 ve y\u00f6ntemler ile karada kullan\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ayr\u0131l\u0131k yoktur.<\/p>\n

En \u00f6nemli fark sondaj \u00e7ubu\u011funun sudan korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir k\u0131l\u0131f i\u00e7inde deniz dibine indirilmesidir. Okyanus sular\u0131na kar\u0131\u015fan petrol k\u0131y\u0131lara zarar verebilece\u011fi ve denizlerdeki ya\u015fam\u0131 etkileyebilece\u011fi i\u00e7in, kuyuda s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131 olmamas\u0131na \u00e7ok dikkat edilmelidir. Hi\u00e7bir s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131 olmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, sondaj ekibi suyun alt\u0131nda neler oldu\u011funu \u00f6zel sualt\u0131 televizyon <\/a>al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131ndan izler. Ba\u015fka \u00f6zel ayg\u0131tlar da sondaj yerinin denetimini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm bu g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerine kar\u015f\u0131n yine de zaman zaman kazalar olmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1977 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kuzey Denizi\u2019nde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kuyu denize \u00f6nemli miktarda petrol s\u0131zd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sondaj ekibi bu kuyuyu onar\u0131yordu. Bu i\u015flemler yap\u0131l\u0131rken, kimyasal \u00e7amur y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda kuyuya bas\u0131ld\u0131 ve petrol ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 durduruldu; ancak bu kez \u00e7amura yeterli bas\u0131n\u00e7 verilmemi\u015fti. Sonu\u00e7 olarak kuyu petrol s\u0131zd\u0131rmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, binlerce varil petrol f\u0131rt\u0131nal\u0131 Kuzey Denizi sular\u0131na kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0Patlayan valf\u0131 onarmak ve kuyuyu yeniden kontrol alt\u0131na almak iki hafta s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Baz\u0131 durumlarda, bu t\u00fcr sorunlu kuyularla u\u011fra\u015fan \u00f6zel ekipler, kuyuyu dinamitleyerek s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar. Yine de s\u0131zma olan kuyular\u0131 denetlemenin yava\u015f da olsa en g\u00fcvenli y\u00f6ntemi, ayn\u0131 kayna\u011fa yeni bir kuyu a\u00e7makt\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ntemle s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131 \u00fczerindeki bas\u0131n\u00e7 azalt\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fal gaz ve petrol i\u015fletmeleri bu tip kazalardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmaya \u00e7ok \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterirler, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kulelerde meydana gelecek patlama ve s\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131lar milyonlarca varil petrol\u00fcn yok olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar. Bu arada yang\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olduklar\u0131 gibi, canl\u0131lara ve deniz ya\u015fam\u0131na da b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlar verebilirler. Denizlerde ya\u015fayan ku\u015flar\u0131n ve \u00f6teki canl\u0131lar\u0131n petrole bulan\u0131p \u00f6lmelerine neden olurlar.
\nPetrol, ayr\u0131ca, bal\u0131k yumurtalar\u0131n\u0131n yok olmas\u0131na, avlanan bal\u0131klar\u0131n yenildiklerinde zarar vermelerine neden olur. Suyun \u00fcst\u00fcndeki petrol yang\u0131nlara, k\u0131y\u0131lara s\u00fcr\u00fcklenen de do\u011fal g\u00fczelliklerin zarar g\u00f6rmesine yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, Kuzey Denizi\u2019ndeki gibi kazalar s\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fclen olaylardan de\u011fildir. Petrol arama i\u015flerinde kazalar ola\u011fan de\u011fil, ola\u011fan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olgulard\u0131r. \u00f6rne\u011fin, Meksika K\u00f6rfezi\u2019nde 20.000\u2019den fazla kuyu olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n bunlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 tarihten beri yaln\u0131zca be\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck kaza olmu\u015ftur. Genellikle kuyular, herhangi bir kaza olmadan, kaynaktaki t\u00fcm do\u011fal gaz ya da petrol bitene dek \u00fcretimlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pek \u00e7ok kimse petrol \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in kuyu a\u00e7man\u0131n ilk kez Edwin Drake taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sanmaktad\u0131r. Onun modern \u00e7a\u011flarda bu y\u00f6ntemi deneyen ilk insan oldu\u011fu do\u011frudur. Ama yakla\u015f\u0131k 2000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10020,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[1633],"class_list":["post-8089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-petrol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8089"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8089"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8089\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10022,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8089\/revisions\/10022"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10020"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8089"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8089"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}