N\u00fckleer enerji, en yeni g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Hen\u00fcz elektrik \u00fcretiminde k\u00f6m\u00fcr, do\u011fal gaz ve petrol kadar \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lmasa da, \u00f6rne\u011fin ABD\u2019deki 68 n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcreticisinde \u00fclkenin toplam elektrik \u00fcretiminin 1\/8\u2019i elde ediliyor.\u00a0N\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 35 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan n\u00fckleer \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonuna do\u011fru ilk kez patlat\u0131lan atom bombalar\u0131 ne denli g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlad\u0131lar. Japonya\u2019ya at\u0131lan iki bomba, \u00fclkenin derhal teslim olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu \u00fcst\u00fcn silah\u0131 geli\u015ftiren bilginler atom g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ama\u00e7larla da kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdi.\u00a0\u0130ki y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce insanl\u0131k odun, k\u00f6m\u00fcr, petrol ve do\u011fal gaz yakarak makineleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131racak enerji elde edebilece\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece makine \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. N\u00fckleer enerji bunlardan farkl\u0131d\u0131r ve yak\u0131t kullanarak \u00fcretilmez, \u00f6yle ise nas\u0131l \u00fcretildi\u011fini g\u00f6relim.<\/p>\n
N\u00fckleer enerji bir rastlant\u0131 sonucu bulundu. 1896\u2019da Frans\u0131z bilim adam\u0131 Antoine Henri Becquerel uranyum tuzlar\u0131 ile deneyler yap\u0131yordu. Bunlar\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015fe \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 zaman \u0131\u015f\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 biliniyordu.Bir g\u00fcn baz\u0131 uranyum tuzu kristallerini foto\u011fraf filmi \u00fczerine koyup uranyumu g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda incelemek istedi. Hava kapal\u0131 oldu\u011fundan deneyden vaz ge\u00e7en Becquerel filmi saklad\u0131. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra filmi inceledi\u011finde uranyumun i\u00e7inden, d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bir etken olmadan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n filmi etkilemi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar,bulu\u015fu yapan\u0131n onuruna Becquerel \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 diye adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
Marie ve Pierre Curie<\/a>,Becquerel \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olanaklarla b\u00fcy\u00fclendiler. 1898\u2019de Marie Curie<\/a>, uranyumdan daha etkin olan radyum ve polonyum elementlerini bularak, bu olguya radyoaktivite ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi. 1903 y\u0131l\u0131nda Curie\u2019ler ve Becquerel radyoaktiviteyi bulduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc payla\u015ft\u0131lar. Marie Curie, bug\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 bir gram radyumun \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 radyasyon birimi olan \u201cCurie\u201d \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc ile an\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n Y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l atomun, do\u011fay\u0131 olu\u015fturan maddelerin par\u00e7alanamaz en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yap\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama bilginler, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda baz\u0131 atomlar\u0131n do\u011fal olarak, ama \u00e7ok yava\u015f bir \u015fekilde par\u00e7aland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu par\u00e7alanma s\u0131ras\u0131nda atomlar radyoaktif \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar ya da \u00e7ekirdek i\u00e7i enerjisi yayarlar. Bu, \u00e7ekirde\u011fi bir arada tutan birle\u015ftirici enerjidir.<\/p>\n 1904 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz bilim adam\u0131 Ernest Rutherford bir yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cE\u011fer bir atomu par\u00e7alamay\u0131 ba\u015farabilirlerse sonu\u00e7ta elde edilen \u00e7ok miktarda enerji yararl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131labilir\u201d diyordu. Rutherford 1937\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc zaman , atomun i\u00e7indeki enerjinin g\u00fcnl\u00fck uygulamada ne i\u015fe yarayabilece\u011fini hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u00f6zememi\u015fti. Ama bu arada yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, ger\u00e7ek n\u00fckleer \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ba\u015flatacak bi\u00e7imde ilerliyordu.<\/p>\n i. \u00f6. 450 Yunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc Demokritus maddeyi olu\u015fturan ufak, b\u00f6l\u00fcnemeyen par\u00e7ac\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini geli\u015ftirerek buna atom ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi. 1962 Antarktika \u2018da ilk n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r.<\/p>\n 1963 Ba\u015fkan Kennedy atomik deneyleri k\u0131s\u0131tlama anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalad\u0131. Ba\u015fkan Johnson \u00f6zel end\u00fcstrinin n\u00fckleer malzemeye sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131 yasalla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n 1974 Atomik Enerji Komisyonu\u2019nun g\u00f6revi yeni olu\u015fturulan Enerji Ara\u015ft\u0131rma, Geli\u015ftirme ve N\u00fckleer D\u00fczenleme Komisyonu\u2019na verildi.<\/p>\n Yeni olu\u015fturulan Enerji B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc t\u00fcm Amerika\u2019daki n\u00fckleer enerji sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fczerine ald\u0131.<\/p>\n Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7le \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan uydusu Kanada\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyindeki seyrek yerle\u015fim alan\u0131na d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" N\u00fckleer enerji, en yeni g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Hen\u00fcz elektrik \u00fcretiminde k\u00f6m\u00fcr, do\u011fal gaz ve petrol kadar \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lmasa da, \u00f6rne\u011fin ABD\u2019deki 68 n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fcreticisinde \u00fclkenin toplam elektrik \u00fcretiminin 1\/8\u2019i elde…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[2974,2209],"class_list":["post-8109","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bilim","tag-nukleer-enerji","tag-radyoaktivite"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8109"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8109"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12105,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8109\/revisions\/12105"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8109"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nI.S. 1750 Benjamin Franklin elektri\u011fin pozitif ve negatif y\u00fcklerini tan\u0131mlad\u0131.
\n1774 Antoine Lavoisier k\u00fctlenin korunmas\u0131 yasas\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.
\n1803 John Dalton modern atomik kuram\u0131 ortaya att\u0131. Demokritus\u2019un kavram\u0131 gibi bu da izlenime dayan\u0131yordu.
\n1828 Jons Jakob Berzelius kendi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda bilinen elementlerin atom a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tablosunu yapt\u0131.
\n1895 Wilhelm Konrad R\u00f6ntgen(x)\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 buldu ve radyoaktiviteye yol a\u00e7t\u0131.
\n1896 Antoine Henri Becquerel do\u011fal radyoaktiviteyi buldu.
\n1898 Marie ve Pierre Curie polonyum ve radyumu buldular.
\n1905 Albert Einstein<\/a> k\u00fctle ve enerjinin e\u015f de\u011ferde oldu\u011funu bildiren kuram\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131.
\n1911 Ernest Rutherford atom \u00e7ekirde\u011fini buldu.
\n1913 Frederich Soddy, Rutherford ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken elementlerin izotoplar\u0131n\u0131 buldu.
\n1919 Rutherford atomu par\u00e7alad\u0131.
\n1931 Harold Urey deuteriumu (hidrojen izotopu) buldu.
\n1932 James Chadwick n\u00f6tronu buldu.
\n1934 Leo Szilard n\u00fckleer zincirleme i\u015flemin olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlad\u0131.
\n1938 Otto Hahn ve Fritz Strassman, uranyumu n\u00f6tron ile bombalayarak baryum ve kriptonu buldular.
\n1939 Lise Meitner ve Otto Frisch bir bildiri yay\u0131nlayarak Hahn ve Strassmann\u2019\u0131n insan eliyle ilk n\u00fckleer par\u00e7alanmay\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar.
\n1942 Enrico Fermi ilk atom reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00f6neticisi olarak n\u00fckleer zincirleme i\u015flemini sa\u011flad\u0131.
\n1945 Patlayan ilk atom bombas\u0131 (ABD). Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, Hiro\u015fima\u2019ya ve Nagasaki\u2019- ye iki bomba at\u0131ld\u0131.
\n1946 ABD Atom Enerjisi Komisyonu kuruldu.
\n1949 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ilk atom bombas\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131.
\n1952 ABD ilk hidrojen bombas\u0131n\u0131 att\u0131.
\n1953 Ba\u015fkan Dwight D. Eisenhower bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in atom program\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca uluslararas\u0131 bir Atom Enerji Komisyonunun kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerdi.
\n1954 N\u00fckleer denizalt\u0131 (Nautilus)
\n1955 Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019de atom enerjisinin bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ilk konferans (Cenevre).
\nUluslararas\u0131 Atom Enerjisi Ajans\u0131 kuruldu.
\nilk n\u00fckleer ticari gemi denize indirildi.
\nilk n\u00fckleer g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yapay uydu y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye oturtuldu.<\/p>\n