{"id":8151,"date":"2010-09-06T21:31:35","date_gmt":"2010-09-06T19:31:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8151"},"modified":"2018-02-25T23:34:09","modified_gmt":"2018-02-25T21:34:09","slug":"elektromanyetizmayi-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8151","title":{"rendered":"Elektromanyetizmay\u0131 kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Heinrich Hertz<\/a>, bir elektrik devresiyle ilk kez ses \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn, \u00e7evresinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde televizyon <\/a>ya da radyonun d\u00fc\u011fmesini \u00e7evirerek konu\u015fmalar\u0131 dinliyor, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri izliyoruz ve bunlar art\u0131k kimseyi \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fcyor.\u00a0Elektromanyetizma<\/strong>, ad\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, elektrik ve manyetizma gibi ikiz iki g\u00fc\u00e7 aras\u0131nda bulunan ba\u011flar\u0131n incelenmesidir.<\/p>\n

Bu bilim, Hans Christian Oersted<\/strong>\u2019in, iletken telden elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131 ge\u00e7erken teli \u00e7evreleyen uzam\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti\u011fi\u00a0g\u00fcn ba\u015flad\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekten, bir iletkenin yak\u0131n\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f m\u0131knat\u0131sl\u0131 i\u011fne, ak\u0131m ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce hareketsiz oldu\u011fu halde, ak\u0131m ge\u00e7ti\u011finde d\u00f6ner ve bir ba\u015fka denge konumu al\u0131r. Ak\u0131m, teli \u00e7evreleyen uzamda, bir m\u0131knat\u0131s gibi manyetik alan do\u011furur.<\/p>\n

Manyetik alan kavram\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayabilmek ve somutla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, iletken yak\u0131n\u0131na demir tozu ya da m\u0131knat\u0131sl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u011fneler d\u00f6k\u00fclerek “manyetik tayf” ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. B\u00f6ylece, elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n do\u011furdu\u011fu manyetik alan, demir tozu tanelerinin ya da m\u0131knat\u0131sl\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u011fnelerin alan y\u00f6n\u00fcnde dizilmeleriyle somut olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu nitelik, m\u00fchendislerin elektrik zilini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran, hoparl\u00f6r zar\u0131n\u0131 titre\u015ftiren ya da tonlarca a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131rabilen elektrom\u0131knat\u0131s kavram\u0131na ula\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Elektrom\u0131knat\u0131s, ilke olarak, \u00fcst\u00fcne bobin bi\u00e7iminde iletken tel sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yumu\u015fak bir demir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bobinden ak\u0131m ge\u00e7ti\u011finde, yumu\u015fak demir m\u0131knat\u0131slan\u0131r; ama m\u0131knat\u0131slanma ge\u00e7icidir, \u00abu- yar\u0131c\u0131\u00bb denilen ak\u0131mla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve ak\u0131m kesildi\u011finde yiter.<\/p>\n

Bu olay, yumu\u015fak demirden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir levhan\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesi yoluyla her t\u00fcr mekanizmaya (i\u015faret sistemleri, uzaktan komuta, vb.) hareket vermede kullan\u0131labilir. S\u00f6zgelimi elektrik <\/a>zilinde, metal levha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7eki\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131r ve \u00e7ekildi\u011fi zaman \u00e7eki\u00e7 \u00e7ana \u00e7arpar; \u00e7ekme hareketi ayn\u0131 zamanda uyarma devresini a\u00e7ar; dolay\u0131s\u0131yle \u00e7ekim durur, bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f yay\u0131 levhay\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 konumuna getirir; bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f, uyarma devresinin kapanmas\u0131na yola\u00e7ar ve b\u00f6ylece olay yeniden ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131m ile m\u0131knat\u0131s, bir manyetik alan do\u011furdu\u011funa ve bu alan bir ba\u015fka m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131 etkiledi\u011fine g\u00f6re (m\u0131knat\u0131slanm\u0131\u015f bir i\u011fne, hareketli bir m\u0131knat\u0131stan ba\u015fka \u015fey de\u011fildir), manyetik alan da ak\u0131m\u0131 etkilemez mi? A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki deney, bu noktay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Bir elektrik devresinin hareketli bir par\u00e7as\u0131, \u00f6nemli manyetik bir alan\u0131 bulunan at nal\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde bir m\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n demiri aras\u0131na kondu\u011fu zaman, devreden ak\u0131m ge\u00e7irildi\u011finde hareketli tel yer de\u011fi\u015ftirir; bu olay, telin \u00abLaplace g\u00fcc\u00fc\u00bb denilen bir g\u00fc\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131m manyetik alan do\u011furur, manyetik alan da ak\u0131ma etki eder. Bu olay, ak\u0131m ge\u00e7en iki iletkenin birbirine etki etmesini anlamam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flar; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc iletkenler, etki eden g\u00fcc\u00fcn sorumlusudur. Bir elektrik motorunda, motor miline ba\u011fl\u0131 iletkenlerin d\u00f6nmesine yola\u00e7an g\u00fc\u00e7, manyetik alan i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve ak\u0131m verilmi\u015f iletkenleri etkileyen Laplace g\u00fc\u00e7leridir.<\/p>\n

Ak\u0131m ge\u00e7en bir devreye manyetik alan\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 etki, hareketli kesimin iletken oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. \u0130letkeni kald\u0131r\u0131rsak nas\u0131l bir olay ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar? O zaman, elektrik y\u00fckl\u00fc tanecikler demeti, yani elektronlar demeti elde ederiz. Bu demetin, i\u00e7inde manyetik alan bulunan bir uzamdan ge\u00e7ti\u011finde sapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Dsmetin y\u00f6r\u00fcngesi, bir \u00e7ember par\u00e7as\u0131 ya da ilk y\u00f6r\u00fcngeye g\u00f6re, manyetik alan do\u011frultusunu izleyen bir helis bi\u00e7imi al\u0131r. Bu olaydan bir\u00e7ok ayg\u0131tta ve \u00f6zellikle televizyon al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131nda spotlar\u0131n (ekran \u00fcst\u00fcnde elektron demetinin izi olan \u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131 noktalar) soldan sa\u011fa ve yukar\u0131dan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya yerini de\u011fi\u015ftirmede yararlan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Zaman i\u00e7inde olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek frekansla \u015fiddeti de\u011fi\u015fen bir ak\u0131m, \u00e7evre uzamda bir manyetik alan ve bir elektrik alan\u0131 do\u011furur. Bu iki alan\u0131n birle\u015fmesi, uzamda \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131yla- yay\u0131lan bir dalga olu\u015fturur (\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendisi de elektromanyetik bir dalgad\u0131r). Uygulama alan\u0131nda bu bilgi, \u00e7ok uza\u011fa elektrik alan\u0131 ve manyetik alan yayan antenler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme, bu dalgalara duyarl\u0131 ayg\u0131tlar (al\u0131c\u0131lar) yapma olana\u011f\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca radyonun<\/a>, televizyonun<\/a>, uydularla <\/a>haberle\u015fmenin, vb. ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Elektromanyetizma elektrik ak\u0131mlar\u0131yla magnetik alanlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkilerinin incelenmesi. Bu inceleme iki olguyu ele al\u0131r:<\/p>\n

1) Bir elektrik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bir devrenin \u00e7evresinde magnetik bir alan olu\u015fur. Bu alan\u0131n, ak\u0131m\u0131n \u015fiddetiyle orant\u0131l\u0131 olan ind\u00fcksiyon vekt\u00f6r\u00fc, y\u00f6n ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck bak\u0131m\u0131ndan belirlenebilir (Biot ve Savart kanunu).<\/p>\n

2) Bir magnetik alana yerle\u015ftirilerek i\u00e7inden bir ak\u0131m ge\u00e7irilen bir devre, ak\u0131m\u0131n \u015fiddeti ve alan\u0131n ind\u00fcksiyonu ile orant\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin etkisinde kal\u0131r.\u00a0Burada da meydana gelen kuvvetlerin y\u00f6n\u00fc ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Laplace kanunu ile belirlenir.<\/p>\n

Bu iki olgudan s\u00f6z konusu iki ak\u0131m\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 etkile\u015fmesi sonucu do\u011far ki, bu da elektrodinami\u011fin konusudur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Heinrich Hertz, bir elektrik devresiyle ilk kez ses \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn, \u00e7evresinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde televizyon ya da radyonun d\u00fc\u011fmesini \u00e7evirerek konu\u015fmalar\u0131 dinliyor, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri izliyoruz ve bunlar art\u0131k kimseyi…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10053,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[2981,2785],"class_list":["post-8151","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim","tag-elektromanyetizma","tag-hans-christian-oersted"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8151"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8151"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8151\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10008,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8151\/revisions\/10008"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10053"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8151"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8151"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8151"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}