Do\u011fal filizlerden demir elde etme y\u00f6ntemini bulanlar, Tarih \u00f6ncesi insanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Tun\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan sonra gelen bu ilkel metal\u00fcrji, daha o d\u00f6nemde geli\u015fmi\u015f bir uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurguluyordu; M.\u00d6 500’de\u00a0M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, M.\u00d6. 1 000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Avusturya\u2019da Halstatt\u2019ta ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019 de La Tene\u2019de bu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n izlerine rastlan\u0131r. Demir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 insanlar\u0131n\u0131n silahlar\u0131, bu yeni metalin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir kan\u0131t\u0131 olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n
\u0130lkel eritme f\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131, birka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca de\u011fi\u015fik \u00fclkelerde olduk\u00e7a iyi kalitede, d\u00f6v\u00fclebilir demir \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131ld\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli uygarl\u0131klar i\u00e7in demirin temel bir \u00f6nemi vard\u0131 ve M.S. I. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde Noricum\u2019lular, Part\u2019lar ve \u00c7inliler yumu\u015fak \u00e7elik \u00fcretebiliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Hititler eritme y\u00f6ntemlerini \u00e7ok gizli tutuyorlard\u0131, ama Hitit imparatorlu\u011funun M.\u00d6. 1200\u2019de y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra demirciler da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece \u00f6teki kabile ve uluslar da dayan\u0131kl\u0131 maden ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, onlar\u0131n ustal\u0131klar\u0131ndan yararland\u0131lar. Y\u00fczde 1,5 yada daha az oranda karbonla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f demirden bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7elik, gene bu d\u00f6nemde \u00fcretilerek kenarlar\u0131n\u0131n keskin olmas\u0131 gereken silah ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk demirciler Hititlerse, ilk maden m\u00fchendisleri de Romal\u0131lard\u0131r. Romal\u0131lar\u0131n maden ocaklar\u0131 bat\u0131da, g\u00fcney \u0130sko\u00e7ya\u2019dan g\u00fcney \u0130spanya\u2019ya; do\u011fuda ise, Romanya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131yordu.\u00a0Beklenilece\u011fi gibi, Roma demir ve \u00e7eli\u011finden \u00e7e\u015fitli askeri ama\u00e7larla yararlan\u0131ld\u0131. Yunanl\u0131lardan kalan g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs z\u0131rhlar\u0131, \u00fcnl\u00fc k\u0131sa k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar ve \u00fc\u00e7 metrelik karg\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu demirden yap\u0131l\u0131yordu. Daha sonra Romal\u0131 askerler, uzun demir<\/p>\n
k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar, z\u0131pk\u0131nlar ve manc\u0131n\u0131klarla at\u0131lan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck demir oklar kulland\u0131lar. Demirden yap\u0131lma ko\u00e7ba\u015flar\u0131 Asurlulardan beri kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131; Romal\u0131lar ise kale duvar ve kap\u0131lar\u0131nda delikler a\u00e7an terebra\u2019y\u0131 \u00ab geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n
Demir devrinin son b\u00fcy\u00fck bulu\u015fu ise demirin eritilerek kal\u0131plara d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi oldu. Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n St\u00fcckofen\u2019leri b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fclerek ilk y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131nlar geli\u015ftirildi. Eritme i\u015fleminde hem yak\u0131t, hem de gerekli bile\u015fim maddesi (karbon) olarak, \u00f6nceleri odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, daha sonra da k\u00f6m\u00fcr kullan\u0131ld\u0131. 1711 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki Coalbrookdale\u2019de, Abraham Darby<\/strong> (1677-1717), d\u00f6v\u00fclmeye ve kum kal\u0131plara d\u00f6k\u00fclmeye elveri\u015fli iyi kalite demir \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in, \u00e7ok miktarda filizin eritilmesinde kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Daha \u00f6nceleri, kullan\u0131lan d\u00f6k\u00fcm kal\u0131plar\u0131 ancak pirin\u00e7 gibi \u00e7ok pahal\u0131 madenlerden yar\u0131labiliyordu. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden \u00fclkenin b\u00fct\u00fcn evlerinde, demir d\u00f6k\u00fcm tencere ve tavalar kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. K\u00f6pr\u00fc ve demiryolu yap\u0131m\u0131nda demir kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Saf demir (atom a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 55,25; atom numaras\u0131 26, simgesi: Fe), platine benzer parlakl\u0131kta beyaz bir metaldir. Sanayi uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki yerini mekanik nitelikleri nedeniyle alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ekme ya da s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya kar\u015f\u0131 diren\u00e7li ve dayan\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r; levha haline gelebilir. \u00d6zellikle \u0131s\u0131t\u0131larak bi\u00e7imi de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir; tel haline getirilmesi, yani haddelenmesi de kolayd\u0131r. 1 535\u00b0C\u2019ta erir, 3 200c C\u2019ta kaynar. Yo\u011funlu\u011fu 7,8\u2019 dir. \u0130lgi \u00e7ekici magnetik \u00f6zellikleri bulunan bu metali m\u0131knat\u0131s \u00e7eker; kendisi de m\u0131knat\u0131sa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir. M\u0131knat\u0131slanma, \u00e7elikte (demir-karbon ala\u015f\u0131m\u0131) kal\u0131c\u0131, yumu\u015fak demirde ge\u00e7icidir (elektrom\u0131knat\u0131s\u0131n ilkesi).<\/p>\n Demir, do\u011fada \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nd\u0131r ve yerkabu\u011funu olu\u015fturan elementler aras\u0131ndaki oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 5\u2019i ge\u00e7er. Yerkabu\u011funu ge\u00e7ip gezegenimizin\u00a0merkezine ula\u015fabilseydik, Yer\u2019 in \u00e7ekirde\u011fi nikel ve demirden olu\u015ftu\u011funa g\u00f6re, ak\u0131l almaz bir maden oca\u011f\u0131 bulurduk. Kald\u0131 ki Yer\u2019in magnet\u0131zmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan da, bu merkez k\u00fctlesinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Demire g\u00f6kta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131nda da rastlan\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yle evrenin \u00f6nemli bir elementidir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Do\u011fal filizlerden demir elde etme y\u00f6ntemini bulanlar, Tarih \u00f6ncesi insanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Tun\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndan sonra gelen bu ilkel metal\u00fcrji, daha o d\u00f6nemde geli\u015fmi\u015f bir uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 vurguluyordu; M.\u00d6 500’de\u00a0M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da, M.\u00d6. 1 000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9877,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[2984,943],"class_list":["post-8159","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-abraham-darby","tag-demir"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8159"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8159"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8159\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9878,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8159\/revisions\/9878"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9877"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8159"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8159"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8159"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}