{"id":8162,"date":"2010-01-06T21:54:51","date_gmt":"2010-01-06T19:54:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8162"},"modified":"2018-02-22T23:01:23","modified_gmt":"2018-02-22T21:01:23","slug":"fosforu-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8162","title":{"rendered":"Fosforu kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Fosfor 13. element olarak ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Patlay\u0131c\u0131 madde, zehir ve sinir ajanlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bazen “\u015eeytan’\u0131n Elementi” olarak da an\u0131l\u0131r. Fosforu ke\u015ffi, Alman Kimyac\u0131 Hennig Brand<\/strong> 1669 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. Brand fosforu ilk olarak insan idrar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bulmu\u015ftur.\u00a0Hamburg’da \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak, idrar\u0131n buharla\u015fmas\u0131\u00a0ve baz\u0131 tuzlar\u0131n dam\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 yoluyla karanl\u0131kta parlayan beyaz bir materyal \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Buna fosforlu mirabilis (“mucizevi \u0131\u015f\u0131k”) ad\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Robert Boyle<\/strong> (1680) ve\u00a0asistan\u0131 Ambrose Godfrey-Hanckwitz<\/strong> reaksiyonda kum kullanmak suretiyle Brand’\u0131n s\u00fcrecini iyile\u015ftirdi.\u00a0Modern kibritlerin \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden olan Robert Boyle, 1680’de s\u00fclf\u00fcr u\u00e7lu ah\u015fap \u00e7\u00f6pleri tutu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in fosforu ilk kez kulland\u0131.\u00a01769 y\u0131l\u0131nda Johan Gottlieb Gahn ve Carl Wilhelm Scheele, kemiklerde bulunan kalsiyum fosfat\u00a0ve kemik k\u00fcl\u00fcnden elemental fosfor elde etmi\u015ftir.\u00a0Kemik k\u00fcl\u00fc, 1840’lara kadar fosforun ana kayna\u011f\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Fosfor (atom say\u0131s\u0131 15. atom a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 30,97; simgesi P), do\u011fal bile\u015fiklerinden elde edilir; bu bile\u015fikler, \u00e7o\u011funlukla fosfat t\u00fcr\u00fcndendir; s\u00f6zgelimi, kemi\u011fin yap\u0131s\u0131nda kalsiyum fosfat bulunur. Fosforun pek \u00e7ok t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r; en bol bulunan t\u00fcrleri, beyaz ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 fosfordur. Ad\u0131n\u0131 bile beyaz t\u00fcr\u00fcn ilgi \u00e7ekici bir \u00f6zelli\u011finden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Bu t\u00fcr, karanl\u0131k ve so\u011fuk ortamda \u0131\u015f\u0131k yayarak yava\u015f yava\u015f oksitlenir (y\u00fckseltgenir). Bu nedenle fosforun ad\u0131, \u00ab\u0131\u015f\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131yan\u00bb anlam\u0131nda yunanca phosphoros\u2019tan t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 fosforda, bu \u0131\u015f\u0131ma olay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Ger\u00e7ekte, beyaz fosforun \u0131\u015f\u0131k yaymas\u0131n\u0131, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniden yayan baz\u0131 cisimlerin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi fosfor\u0131\u015f\u0131 olay\u0131vla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekir<\/p>\n

Beyaz fosfor 44\u2019C\u2019ta erir; oysa k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 fosfor, 590\u00b0C\u2019tan \u00f6nce erimez. Beyaz fosfor, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir zehirdir; k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 fosforun ise, zehirleyici \u00f6zelli\u011fi yoktur. \u00dcstelik beyaz fosfor, havada kolayca oksitlenir. Su bulunan \u015fi\u015felerde saklanmas\u0131, bu sak\u0131ncay\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7indir. \u0130lgi \u00e7ekici bir deney, havadaki oksijenin beyaz fosfor \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk etki yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterir: Hafif\u00e7e \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir cam \u00e7ubukla, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir beyaz fosfor par\u00e7as\u0131na dokunal\u0131m; fosfor, \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck fosfor anhidrit (fosfor dioksit) taneciklerinden olu\u015fmu\u015f beyaz bir duman ve k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131mlar \u00e7\u0131kararak yanar. Ayn\u0131 deney su i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lsa bile, fosforun tutu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr<\/p>\n

Fosfor dioksit, suda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnerek fosforik asit\u2019e d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fe bilir. Bu asit, \u00fc\u00e7 de\u011ferlidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc molek\u00fcl\u00fc, \u00fc\u00e7 H+\u2019 iyonunu serbest b\u0131rakabilir. Sodyum hidroksit, potasyum hidroksit ya da kire\u00e7 gibi bir baz\u0131n bu asit \u00fczerine etkimesi, \u00abfosfat\u00bb denilen tuzlar\u0131 verir. Kalsiyum fosfat ve s\u00fclfat kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olan s\u00fcperfosfatlar, tar\u0131mda \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lan de\u011ferli g\u00fcbrelerdir ve y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00fcnya \u00fcretimi 16 milyon tona ula\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Oksijenin fosfor \u00fcst\u00fcndeki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etkisi, bu elementin indirgen \u00f6zelliklerini ortaya koyar. Ger\u00e7ekten fosfor, su buhar\u0131n\u0131 250\u00b0C\u2019a do\u011fru ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve fosforik asit ile fosfor hidr\u00fcre d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Klor, brom, iyot gibi halojenler, fosforla bir araya geldiklerinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir tepkime verirler. Metallerin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fc (platin bile), s\u0131cakta fosforla birle\u015fir. S\u00f6zgelimi, 500\u00b0C dolay\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bak\u0131r \u00fcst\u00fcnden fosfor buharlan ge\u00e7irilerek, fosforlu bronz elde edilebilir.<\/p>\n

Elementleri s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma \u00e7izelgesinde fosfor, azot ve arsenik ile ayn\u0131 s\u00fctunda, bu iki elementin aras\u0131nda yeral\u0131r. Bu elementlerin, benzer kimyasal \u00f6zellikleri vard\u0131r. Nitekim her \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc de hidrojenle birle\u015ferek birbirine benzer form\u00fcllerde hidr\u00fcrler verir: NH3; PH3; AsH:i. S\u00f6z konusu elementler, oksijenle birle\u015ftiklerinde an- hidritler olu\u015fur; anhidritler ise, su etkisiyle nitrik, fosforik ve arsenik asitlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca, yukarda sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z asitlerden daha az oksitli nitr\u00f6z, fosfor\u00f6z ve arssny\u00f6z asitleri de belirtmek yerinde olur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fosfor 13. element olarak ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. Patlay\u0131c\u0131 madde, zehir ve sinir ajanlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bazen “\u015eeytan’\u0131n Elementi” olarak da an\u0131l\u0131r. Fosforu ke\u015ffi, Alman Kimyac\u0131 Hennig Brand 1669 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. Brand fosforu ilk…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9868,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[92],"tags":[2985],"class_list":["post-8162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim","tag-fosfor"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8162"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8162"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8162\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9870,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8162\/revisions\/9870"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9868"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8162"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8162"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}