Fizi\u011fin konusu, do\u011fal bir olay\u0131 belirleyen \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri birbirine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131lan yasalar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131r. Amac\u0131 ise, d\u00fcnyadaki nesnelerin yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 (gerek atomun, gerekse b\u00fct\u00fcn evrenin) a\u00e7\u0131klamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Fizi\u011fin kapsam\u0131na bir dizi bilim dal\u0131 girer: Akustik; optik; termodinamik; elektrostatik; elektromagnetizma; g\u00f6kbilim; mekanik ve yeni geli\u015fen kuantum mekani\u011fi ya da ba\u011f\u0131la mekanik. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f fizik, karma\u015f\u0131k matematiksel i\u015flemlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131na dayanan yasa ve ilkelerin uyumlu bir b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu d\u00fczeye ula\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00e7ok uzun yollan a\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir; s\u00f6z konusu yasalar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flayan evreler de, insanl\u0131k tarihine s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
XVII. yy\u2019dan \u00f6nce fizik, ilkel ve bilimsel olmayan g\u00f6zlemlere dayanmaktayd\u0131. G\u00f6kbilim alan\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir at\u0131l\u0131m, ancak R\u00f6nesans d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015febildi. O d\u00f6nemde, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok azd\u0131; bununla birlikte, tek ba\u015flar\u0131na, genel ilkelerin, yasa ve y\u00f6ntemlerin temellerini atmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
Floransal\u0131 Galileo\u00a0Galilei<\/a><\/strong> (1564 \u2013 1642), bulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ve niteli\u011fi kadar, g\u00f6zlem ve deneye verdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem dolay\u0131s\u0131yle de fizi\u011fin kurucusu say\u0131l\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 matematiksel bir anlat\u0131mla veren ilk fizik\u00e7i yine Galilei olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Galilei\u2019den sonra grup \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na gereksinim duyuldu; 1666\u2019da Colbert<\/strong>, Fransa\u2019da Bilimler Akademisi\u2019ni kurdu; \u00f6te yandan \u0130talya\u2019da Floransa Akademisi a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131, Londra\u2019 da da Royal Society kuruldu.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck dahi Isaac<\/strong>\u00a0Newton<\/strong><\/a> (1642- 1727), cisimlerin d\u00fc\u015fmesini inceledi ve eylemsizlik ilkesini ortaya koydu; genel \u00e7ekim yasalar\u0131m buldu; gelgit ile gezegenlerin hareketlerinin gizini \u00e7\u00f6zd\u00fc; Kepler\u2019in yasalar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden bulup \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131; sonra bilim ve felsefe alan\u0131nda, bir \u00f6nceki y\u00fczy\u0131lda bilim ve felsefede devrim yaratan Kopernik<\/a>\u2019in ilkelerini ele ald\u0131. Optik alan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara giri\u015fti ve beyaz \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli tek renkli bile\u015fenlerine ay\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n Descartes<\/strong>, analitik geometri ya da \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131; Huygens<\/strong>, sarka\u00e7 \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Evangelista Torricelli<\/strong><\/a>, Blaise Pascal<\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>ve buhar makinesi ilkesinin mucidi say\u0131lan Papin<\/strong> de, fizi\u011fin geli\u015fmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131da bulundular.<\/p>\n XVIII. yy\u2019la birlikte, fizi\u011fin olgunla\u015fma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Yasalar\u0131n kurulu\u015funa yola\u00e7an ilkeler belirlendi ve uyguland\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu ilkeleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz: Verilerin g\u00f6zlemlenmesi ve toplanmas\u0131; Daha sonra, bulucusunun deneyleri \u00e7a\u011fda\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bir oyun olarak kar\u015f\u0131lanan, ama o \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli bulu\u015fu olan elektrik do\u011fdu. Franklin<\/strong>, atmosferdeki elektri\u011fi ortaya koydu; Coulomb<\/strong>, elektrostati\u011fin temellerini att\u0131; bu arada Laplace<\/strong>, \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6zelliklerini inceledi ve Lavoisier\u2019nin yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u0131s\u0131\u00f6l\u00e7eri (kalorimetre) buldu. Gene ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, pek \u00e7ok geli\u015fimlere yola\u00e7an metre bulundu ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc sistemi olarak benimsendi.<\/p>\n XIX. yy. boyunca, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne\u00a0daha duyarl\u0131 ara\u00e7-gere\u00e7 kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131; k\u00fclt\u00fcr, dev bir at\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6sterdi; laboratuvarlar \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n her biri, bu laboratuvarlarda daha belirginle\u015fmi\u015f dallarda uzmanla\u015ft\u0131. Kuramlar yetkinle\u015fti, ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar d\u00fczenlendi, uygulamalar geli\u015fti; \u00f6te yandan, ilk sanayi toplumunun \u00e7ekirdekleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma b\u00fcrolar\u0131nda ve laboratuvarlarda temel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131; bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan, k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede uygulama alan\u0131nda yararlanma amac\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fcyordu; ama, etkilerinin her yanda g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi de gecikmeyecekti.<\/p>\n Fresnel<\/strong> ve Young<\/strong>, opti\u011fi geli\u015ftirdiler; Ohm<\/strong> ve Faraday<\/strong><\/a>, elektri\u011fin temel yasalar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydular; Maxwell, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n elektromagnetizmas\u0131 kuram\u0131n\u0131n temelini att\u0131. Termodinamikte Mayer ve Joule, \u0131s\u0131 ile i\u015f aras\u0131nda bulunan ili\u015fkileri belirlediler; Helmholtz<\/strong>, Clapeyron<\/strong>, Clausius<\/strong> ve Kelvin<\/strong>, bu bilim dal\u0131n\u0131n ilkelerini saptad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, elektrik pilleri, dinamo, elektrikle ayd\u0131nlatma, telgraf, telefon, telsiz telgraf, vb. bulu\u015flar h\u0131zla \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu arada kuramsal fizik, gazlar\u0131n kinetik enerjisi, tayf analizi ve maddenin bile\u015fenlerinin incelenmesi konular\u0131nda geli\u015fme sa\u011flad\u0131. Mikrofizik ve molek\u00fcl fizi\u011fi, elektron, X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 ve radyoaktifli\u011fin bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Becquerel,<\/strong>\u00a0Pierre Curie<\/strong><\/a> ve Marie Curie<\/strong><\/a>, radyoaktiflik konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara giri\u015ftiler ve XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, i\u015flenmi\u015f fizik kuramlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesine yola\u00e7t\u0131lar.<\/p>\n \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f fizi\u011fin, XX. yy\u2019la birlikte do\u011fdu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, bu d\u00f6nemde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma de\u011fi\u015fti ve b\u00f6l\u00fcmler, incelenen olaylar\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011finden \u00e7ok, yap\u0131 ve boyut \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerine dayand\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, atom ve molek\u00fcl fizi\u011finden, \u00e7ekirdek fizi\u011finden, plazma fizi\u011finden ve elementer tanecik fizi\u011finden s\u00f6z edilir oldu.<\/p>\n Atom yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131, maddenin bile\u015fenlerinin g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne daha b\u00fcy\u00fck kesinlikle \u00f6\u011frenilmesi, klasik yasalar\u0131 elden ge\u00e7irme ve yeniden olu\u015fturma zorunlu\u011funu do\u011furdu. G\u00fcr\u00fcnmez \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar, k\u0131z\u0131lalt\u0131, mor\u00f6tesi \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131, X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131, gama \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131, elektromagnetik dalgalar yelpazesinde topland\u0131; bu \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc, angstr\u00f6mden kilometreye kadar de\u011fi\u015fen kesiksiz\u00a0bir dalga boyu dizisi olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n Sonra Planck<\/strong>, \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yaparak, deneylerle bir\u00e7ok kez do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f sars\u0131lmaz kuramlara kar\u015f\u0131 ku\u015fku uyanmas\u0131na yola\u00e7ti; b\u00f6ylece fizi\u011fin, beklenmedik olay ve umutlarla dolu oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tl\u0131yordu. Leibniz, fizikte s\u00fcreklilik kavram\u0131n\u0131n egemen oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde, “Do\u011fa, s\u0131\u00e7rama yapmaz” demi\u015fti. Planck, 1900 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131l \u0131\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 inceleyerek, enerji kuantumu ve \u0131\u015f\u0131mada kesikli bir \u00f6\u011fenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya att\u0131. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, sonraki y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara temel oldu. I\u015f\u0131k ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u201cs\u00fcrekli de\u011fil, kesikliydi ve klasik fizikteki tanecikler gibi pek \u00e7ok say\u0131da fotondan olu\u015fuyordu; ama dalgalar gibi giri\u015fim olay\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktayd\u0131. Elektronlar i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 \u015fey s\u00f6z konusuydu. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, fotonlar ve elektronlar, klasik tanecikler ve dalgalarla bir tutulamayacakt\u0131. “Kuantum tanecikleri”nden s\u00f6z edilecektir.<\/p>\n Louis de Broglie<\/strong>, bu verileri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak karma\u015f\u0131k \u0131\u015f\u0131k olay\u0131 i\u00e7inde bir cisimcik ile bir dalgan\u0131n birle\u015fti\u011fi bir \u015femay\u0131 bir araya getirerek dalga mekani\u011fini olu\u015fturdu Planck, Albert\u00a0Einstein<\/a><\/strong> ve Broglie denklemleri, dalga-cisimcik ikili\u011fini egemen k\u0131larak, kuantumlara hem dalga, hem tanecik \u00f6zelli\u011fi kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Bu ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar, \u00f6zellikle Heisenberg<\/strong>\u2019in belirsizlik ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla tanecik ve dalga kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erlik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir: Bir kuantum taneci\u011finin ayn\u0131 anda hem h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131, hem konumunu belirleme olana\u011f\u0131 yoktur. O g\u00fcnden bu yana fizik\u00e7iler, enerjinin s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn olaylara kuantum kuram\u0131n\u0131 uygulad\u0131lar. Tanecikler aras\u0131nda etkile\u015fimi y\u00f6nlendiren alanlar da kuvantala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve uzaysal fonksiyonlar olarak kalmak yerine matematiksel operat\u00f6rler olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden yeni bir devrim, Einstein\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ll\u0131k kuram\u0131, fizi\u011fi sarst\u0131. Uzay ve z\u00e2man mutlak de\u011fil, ba\u011f\u0131ld\u0131r; bu nedenle, iki g\u00f6zlemciden biri \u00f6tekine oranla daha h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket ediyorsa, biri i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 anda do\u011fan iki olay, \u00f6teki i\u00e7in e\u015fzamanl\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte inan\u0131lmaz olan sonu\u00e7lar, bu kuramdan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u00fctle ile enerji kavramlar\u0131 e\u015fde\u011ferdir ve bunun uranyum \u00e7ekirde\u011fine uygulanmas\u0131, 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk n\u00fckleer patlamaya olanak vermi\u015ftir. \u00d6te yandan, bir cismin k\u00fctlesi de\u011fi\u015fmez (sabit de\u011fildir) ve h\u0131z artt\u0131k\u00e7a k\u00fctle b\u00fcy\u00fcr; h\u0131z, \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131na (300 000 km\/sn) e\u015fit olursa, k\u00fctle sonsuza ula\u015f\u0131r. Bu sonu\u00e7lar, katot lambalar\u0131nda do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; s\u00f6z konusu lambada, kutuplar aras\u0131ndaki gerilim y\u00fckseldik\u00e7e, elektronlar h\u0131zlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\ng\u00f6zlem sonucu elde edilen ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n matematiksel bir dille anlat\u0131m\u0131; denklemlerin incelenmesi ve denklemlerde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131; varsay\u0131mlar ve kestirimlerin deneysel yolla do\u011frulanmas\u0131. Bu uygulamalarla, mekanik ve hidrodinamik gibi bilim dallar\u0131 ye\u015ferip geli\u015fti.<\/p>\n