Do\u011fal gaz yataklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, \u00e7ok eskiye dayan\u0131r. Milattan\u00a0y\u00fczy\u0131llarca \u00f6nce \u00c7inliler, tuz \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in kuyu a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131nda, gaz ceplerine (kapanlar\u0131na) rastl\u0131yor ve bunlar\u0131 bambu borularla ta\u015f\u0131yarak sokaklar\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmada kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde modern enerji ekonomisinde, do\u011fal gaz gereksinimi g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne artmaktad\u0131r. Gaz t\u00fcketimi, 2 900 0 000 ton k\u00f6m\u00fcre e\u015fde\u011fer olan petrol t\u00fcketiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131na (k\u00f6m\u00fcr e\u015fde\u011feri\u00a01 415 000 000 ton), hidroelektrik enerjisi \u00fcretiminin on katma ula\u015f\u0131r. Toplam d\u00fcnya \u00fcretimi, son otuz y\u0131lda 12 kat artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Petrol bulunan g\u00f6zenekli alanlarda gaz, bazen yeterince g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bas\u0131n\u00e7 alt\u0131nda s\u0131v\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde toplan\u0131r. Bir petrol kuyusu a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rken dikkatli davran\u0131l\u0131rsa, gaza ula\u015f\u0131labilir ve bu gaz, detant\u00f6rle ayarlanan uygun bir bas\u0131n\u00e7la yukar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilir. Uygulamada, yataklara g\u00f6re gaz ve s\u0131v\u0131 oran\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n
S\u0131v\u0131 petrol gibi, do\u011fal gaz da hidrokarbonlardan (ya da hidrokarb\u00fcrlerden) olu\u015fur. Ne var ki, petrolde kimyasal bak\u0131mdan \u00e7ok say\u0131da karbon atomundan olu\u015fmu\u015f zincirler ta\u015f\u0131yan bir\u00e7ok hidrokarbon kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 bulunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, do\u011fal gazda tek karbonlu, yani yaln\u0131zca metandan olu\u015fmu\u015f bir hidrokarbon vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u00e7o\u011funlukla do\u011fa) gaz, \u00abmetan gaz\u0131\u00bb diye an\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fal gaz\u0131n toplanmas\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in 1 400 000 kilometrenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde boru d\u00f6\u015femek gerekmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde, gaz yak\u0131t da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015firketleri, k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn dam\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yla gaz \u00fcretimini g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne azaltmaktad\u0131r. Art\u0131k, abonelerin y\u00fczde 66\u2019s\u0131 metan gaz\u0131 almaktad\u0131r; bu oran\u0131n be\u015f alt\u0131 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde y\u00fczde 99\u2019a ula\u015fmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. A.B.D., Rusya ve Japonya \u015fimdiden, do\u011fal gaz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcksek t\u00fcketim ve darl\u0131k g\u00fcnlerinde iste\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in, gaz\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc depolamak zorunludur. Havagaz\u0131 fabrikalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresinde bu ama\u00e7la toplanan eski \u00e7elik depolardan vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Do\u011fal gaz, toprak alt\u0131nda ve kurumu\u015f eski yataklarda ya da jeoloji bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli yap\u0131daki alanlarda (s\u00f6zgelimi, iki ge\u00e7irimsiz toprak tabakas\u0131 aras\u0131nda hapsol- mu\u015f su tabakas\u0131 bulunan antiklinallerde) depo edilmektedir. Bu depolama y\u00f6nteminde, y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7la gaz bas\u0131larak su geriletilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, Bat\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde bir\u00e7ok toprakalt\u0131 deposu bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fal gaz\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hen\u00fcz konutlarda t\u00fcketiliyorsa da, sanayinin iste\u011fi s\u00fcrekli artmakta, art\u0131\u015f y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 50 d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fmaktad\u0131r (metal \u00fcretim ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm sanayileri; petrokimya, camc\u0131l\u0131k, seramik, yap\u0131 gere\u00e7leri sanayileri); oysa konut gereksinmeleri i\u00e7in istek art\u0131\u015f\u0131 y\u0131lda y\u00fczde 10 d\u00fczeyinde kalmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fal gaz, sanayide \u00f6nce dam\u0131tma sonra bire\u015fim yoluyla amonyak, metanol, tetramor\u00fcr, karbon s\u00fclf\u00fcr ve siyanhidrik (pleksiglas ve akrilik lifler yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r) \u00fcretimin de hammadde haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 do\u011fal gazlar\u0131n, \u00e7ok zehirli ve a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 k\u00fck\u00fcrtl\u00fc hidrojenden temizlenmesi gerekir. Sanayide kullan\u0131lacak duruma getirilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekilmi\u015f bu zararl\u0131 do\u011fal gaz\u0131n \u00fcretiminden, s\u00f6zgelimi Fransa\u2019da g\u00fcnde i milyon m3 k\u00fck\u00fcrtl\u00fc hidrojen elde edilmektedir. Bu madde ise, \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli yan \u00fcr\u00fcn k\u00fck\u00fcrde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece Fransa, Lacq gaz yata\u011f\u0131ndan \/\u0131lda 1,5 milyon ton k\u00fck\u00fcrt \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r ve d\u00fcnya k\u00fck\u00fcrt \u00fcretiminde ikinci s\u0131ray\u0131 al\u0131r. Lacq do\u011fal gaz\u0131n\u0131n bile\u015fiminde y\u00fczde 69 metan, y\u00fczde 5,5 \u00f6teki hidrojen karb\u00fcrler, y\u00fczde 15 k\u00fck\u00fcrtl\u00fc hidrojen, y\u00fczde 10 karbon monoksit, y\u00fczde 0,5 azot bulunur.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde giderek daha uzak b\u00f6lgelerde do\u011fal gaz aramak zorunlu olmu\u015ftur. Bu konuda en \u00f6nemli sorun ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in gaz \u2013 160\u00b0C s\u0131cakl\u0131kta s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131nl\u0131r ve \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131nda 600 m3 olan hacmi 1 m3\u2019e indirilir. B\u00f6ylece s\u0131v\u0131la\u015ft\u0131nlan do\u011fal gaz, metan tankerlerinin nikel kaplanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7elik ambarlar\u0131na kapat\u0131larak ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r. Alaska ile Japonya aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan metan tankerleri, 160 000 m3 s\u0131v\u0131 metan ta\u015f\u0131yabilmektedir. 1973\u2019te toplam kapasitesi 627 500 m3 olan d\u00fcnya metan tankeri filosu, 1977\u2019de 2 823 600 m3 d\u00fczeyine y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir; bu s\u0131v\u0131 metan, gaz halinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,5 milyar m3 metana e\u015fde\u011ferdir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Do\u011fal gaz yataklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, \u00e7ok eskiye dayan\u0131r. Milattan\u00a0y\u00fczy\u0131llarca \u00f6nce \u00c7inliler, tuz \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in kuyu a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131nda, gaz ceplerine (kapanlar\u0131na) rastl\u0131yor ve bunlar\u0131 bambu borularla ta\u015f\u0131yarak sokaklar\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmada kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde modern…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9879,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[1634],"class_list":["post-8216","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-dogal-gaz"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8216"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8216"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8216\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9880,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8216\/revisions\/9880"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9879"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8216"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8216"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8216"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}