Pozitif bilimlerin deney ve g\u00f6zlem y\u00f6ntemini ilke edinen, ger\u00e7e\u011fi tam bir nesnellikle ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yeniden yaratmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan edebiyat ak\u0131m\u0131na do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k (nat\u00fcralizm) ad\u0131 verilir. Nat\u00fcralizm Ak\u0131m\u0131 veya Do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k, Emile Zola (1840-1902) ve \u00e7evresinde toplanan Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893), Leon Hennique (1851 \u2013 1935), Henry C\u00e9ard (1851-1924), Paul Alexis (1847- 1901), Joris Karl Huysmans (1848-1907) gibi yazarlar\u0131n ortak \u00e7abalar\u0131yla do\u011fmu\u015f ve geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00abMedan grubu\u00bb da denilen bu yazarlar\u0131n birlikte yay\u0131mlar\u0131 klan \u00f6yk\u00fc kitab\u0131 (Les Soir\u00e9es de M\u00e9dan IMedan Geceleri!, 1880), do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bildirisi say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k, Hippolyte Tai- ne\u2019in (1828-1878) gerekircili\u011fe (determinizm), Claude Bernard\u2019\u0131n (1813-1878) deneysel uygulamaya, Charles Darwin\u2019 in (1809-1882) evrim ve soya \u00e7ekime ili\u015fkin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin edebiyata uygulanmas\u0131yla olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Genel \u00f6zellikleri \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlenebilir: Pozitif bilimlerde uygulanan deney y\u00f6ntemi, roman, \u00f6yk\u00fc, oyun gibi edebiyat yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda da uygulanabilir. \u0130nsan\u0131n i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda (duygular, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, vb.) ve eylemlerinde, yeti\u015fti\u011fi do\u011fal ve toplumsal \u00e7evrenin \u00f6nemi b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr; do\u011falc\u0131 yazar, bu nedenle yap\u0131tlar\u0131ndaki ki\u015fileri iyi canland\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n soylar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bilgiler edinir, yeti\u015fti\u011fi toplum kesiminin temel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlem yoluyla \u00f6\u011frenir.\u2019 Yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda insan\u0131, do\u011fal ve toplumsal \u00e7evresinin betimlemeleriyle birlikte verir. Do\u011falc\u0131 yazar, yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda kendi ki\u015fili\u011fini gizler; g\u00f6zlemlerini ve deneyimlerini notlar halinde saptar; olaylar ve ki\u015filer kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yan tutmaz, nesnel davran\u0131r. Ya\u015famda ve toplumda \u00e7irkin ve tiksindirici olan y\u00f6nleri b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n babas\u0131 olarak Emile Zola g\u00f6sterilir. Emile Zola, Deneysel Roman\u00bb (1880) adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda, deneysel y\u00f6ntemin duygusal ve ussal ya\u015fama da uygulanabilece\u011fini, dolay\u0131s\u0131yle edebiyat yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1871-1893 aras\u0131nda 20 romanl\u0131k \u00abLes Rougon-Macquart\u00bb dizisinde, do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu t\u00fcr \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Sonraki y\u0131llarda Alphonse Daudet (1840-1897), Octave Mirabeau (1850-1917), Jules Renard (1864-1910), jules Valles (1832-1885), Rosyn\u2019 ler (Boex [1856-1940), justin 11859-19481), Paul Marguerite (1860-1918), Victor Marguerite (1*866-1942), Lucien Descaves (1861-1949) gibi yazarlar da do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6zellikle, Henri Fran\u00e7ois Becque (1837-1899) ile tiyatroya da yans\u0131m\u0131\u015f ve Andr\u00e9 Antoine\u2019\u0131n (1858-1943) \u00abTh\u00e9\u00e1tre-Libre \u00bb\u2019de (1887-1895) sahneye \u201ckoydu\u011fu do\u011falc\u0131 oyunlarla b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
Do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k ak\u0131m\u0131, T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131nda \u00f6nce Tanzimat d\u00f6neminin ikinci ku\u015fak yazarlar\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur. N\u00e2bi- zade N\u00e2z\u0131m\u2019\u0131n (1862 \u2013 1893) Zehra adl\u0131 roman\u0131nda bu ak\u0131m\u0131n etkileri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda H\u00fcseyin Rahmi G\u00fcrp\u0131nar (1864-1944, M\u00fcrebbiye; Ben Deli miyim?), Bekir Fahri (J\u00f6nler), Sel\u00e2hattin Enis (1892-1942, \u00c7ingeneler \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc), Yakup Kadri Karaosmano\u011flu (1899-1974), Peyami Safa (1899-1961) gibi yazarlar, baz\u0131 romanlar\u0131nda do\u011falc\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle Emile Zola\u2019n\u0131n etkisinde kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Pozitif bilimlerin deney ve g\u00f6zlem y\u00f6ntemini ilke edinen, ger\u00e7e\u011fi tam bir nesnellikle ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yeniden yaratmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan edebiyat ak\u0131m\u0131na do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k (nat\u00fcralizm) ad\u0131 verilir. Nat\u00fcralizm Ak\u0131m\u0131 veya Do\u011falc\u0131l\u0131k, Emile Zola…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[3010],"class_list":["post-8232","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-toplum","tag-naturalizm"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8232"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8232"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8232\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8233,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8232\/revisions\/8233"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8232"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8232"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8232"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}