teknoloji <\/a>alan\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ilerlemeler yapamad\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131, gemicilik, ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve su i\u015fleri alanlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar elde edildi. Bu ilerlemeler say\u0131ca \u00e7oktu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu toplumlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 tutsakl\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131yordu. M\u0131s\u0131r piramitleri, Babil, Yunan ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck mimari yap\u0131lar\u0131 tutsaklar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131. Y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne g\u00f6te tutsaklar, \u00f6zellikle elveri\u015fli ve ucuz enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturuyorlard\u0131. Bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n i\u00e7inde tutsaklar\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, genel olarak eli\u015fini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyen bir tutumun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden oldu. Bu da y\u00f6netici s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerde, serbest esnaf\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\nHayvan enerjisi sadece ula\u015f\u0131m ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda di\u011fer birimlerde ve k\u0131smen tar\u0131mda, buna benzer olarak denizcilik alan\u0131nda da, akarsu ve r\u00fczgar, enerji kaynaklar\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131, fakat burada da esirlerden yararlan\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk insanlar zaman\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan su \u00e7ark\u0131 bile, yerine kullan\u0131lacak tutsaklardan daha az ekonomik oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nla\u015fmad\u0131. Hem ekonominin hem de end\u00fcstrinin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc geni\u015flemesiyle hayvan enerjisi ender g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Daha kuvvetli ve daha s\u00fcrekli enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, su \u00e7ark\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, \u00e7ok eskiden beri bilinen ve sadece de\u011firmenlerde de\u011fil, at\u00f6lyelerde de \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerdeki mekanik i\u015fleri yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan hidrolik enerjiden \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yararlan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
End\u00fcstri ve madenlerdeki fazla y\u00fckleme i\u015fi i\u00e7in mekanik enerji istemi de buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak artt\u0131. Bu arada Orta\u00e7a\u011f zanaatkarlar\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f modern teknisyenden daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olmayan bir d\u00fczeye geldiler. B\u00f6ylece \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc etkilerini s\u00fcrekli olarak izleme, \u0131s\u0131dan daha \u00e7ok gereksinme duyulan mekanik enerjinin elde edilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu da, \u0131s\u0131-g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc makinenin ilerlemesini sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk s\u0131ra buharl\u0131 makinedeydi. Bu yay\u0131lan bulu\u015fun tasar\u0131lar\u0131 M.\u00d6. I. yy. da \u0130skenderiyeli Heron\u2019un Leonardo da Vinci\u2019nin, ve daha sonra 16. ve 17. yy. larda G. Cardano, G.B. della Porta\u2019n\u0131n, S. de Caus\u2019un ve E. Somerset\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda da vard\u0131. 1698\u2019de \u0130ngiliz Thomas Savery<\/strong>\u2019ye kadar, ilk uygulamal\u0131 buharl\u0131 motor yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu, bir tank\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunan buhar\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilen ve bo\u015fluk taraf\u0131ndan suyun emildi\u011fi buhar-g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir pompayd\u0131. Bir \u00f6ncekine oranla daha geli\u015fmi\u015f buharl\u0131 motor, 1705\u2019te Thomas Newcomen<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu da bir pompayd\u0131, fakat buna, (O.Von Guerricke, C. Huygens ve D. Papin taraf\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ve denemelerinin temeline dayanan) hareket eden bir pistonla birlikte bir de silindir yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Bu t\u00fcrdeki motor, 1830\u2019a kadar \u0130ngiltere ve Hollanda\u2019da madenlerde pompalama, topra\u011f\u0131 s\u00fczme ve sulama amac\u0131yla yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekte buhar\u0131n, end\u00fcstriyel ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 bu motorla olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\nNewcomen\u2019in motorunu d\u00fczeltme sorunu, 1763\u2019ten sonra bu motora kesin de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ve yenilikler dizisini getirmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f, \u0130sko\u00e7 m\u00fchendis James Watt<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlendi. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler kondansat\u00f6r\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 pistonu harekete ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in buhar s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma makinesinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ve erimez maddeden yap\u0131lan astar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kaps\u0131yordu. Her vuru\u015fun bir d\u00fcrt\u00fc olup, b\u00f6ylece d\u00fcz hareketi sarmal harekete kolayca d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veren, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 harekete sahip bu yeni t\u00fcrdeki motor, art\u0131k mekanik i\u015fin herhangi bir \u00f6rne\u011fine uygulanabiliyordu.<\/p>\nIs\u0131-g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc makine ile ilgili olarak, buharl\u0131 motor 19. yy. da i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motorla birle\u015fti.\u00a0Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1870\u2019te dinamonun geli\u015ftirilmesinden sonra, elektrik uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in h\u0131zla yeni tasar\u0131lar haz\u0131rland\u0131. \u0130lk kamu elektrik da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u00fcnitesi, 12 Ocak 1882\u2019de Londra\u2019da, bir di\u011feri ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda New York\u2019ta hizmete girdi.<\/p>\n
Uzun s\u00fcreden beri ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta kullan\u0131lan kaynak, n\u00fckleer enerjidir. Chicago\u2019da, E. Fermi ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 2 Aral\u0131k 1942\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck ve uygun yap\u0131da uranyum ve grafit blokundan \u00a9lu\u015fan ilk \u201catom k\u00fcmesini\u201d geli\u015ftirdi. Bu, \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden yay\u0131lan ve pratikte kullan\u0131lan elektro \u2013 n\u00fckleer \u00fcnitedir. Bu ilkel modelde, do\u011fal uranyum ve grafit kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu \u201ck\u00fcme\u201d, \u201cfizyon i\u015flemine\u201d dayanan n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rd\u00fc. N\u00fckleer fizyonun, uranyum, aktinyum, toryum gibi a\u011f\u0131r atom elemanlar\u0131n\u0131n daha basit elemanlara b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesinden olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve b\u00f6ylece enerji \u00fcretti\u011fini belirtmek gerekir. Reakt\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen enerji, \u0131s\u0131 bi\u00e7imini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu \u0131s\u0131 uygun \u00fcnite sayesinde elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n
N\u00fckleer enerjinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, bu enerjinin bug\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131 olan di\u011fer enerji bi\u00e7imleriyle ger\u00e7ekten rekabette olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile birlikte geli\u015fti.<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn bu gezegendeki her \u00e7e\u015fit canl\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn insanlar i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli olan enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcne\u015f\u2019tir. G\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden \u00e7ok eski zamanlardan beri yararlan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tarih \u00f6ncesi \u00e7a\u011flarda insan, ate\u015fin nas\u0131l yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve t\u00fcm\u00fcyle bundan nas\u0131l yararlan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendi. Ate\u015f, hem teknoloji alan\u0131ndaki \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, hem de so\u011fu\u011fa ve karanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 etkin bir silah olarak,…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10012,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[3027],"class_list":["post-8288","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-enerji"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8288"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8288"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8288\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10013,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8288\/revisions\/10013"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10012"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8288"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8288"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8288"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}