{"id":8372,"date":"2017-02-06T20:00:29","date_gmt":"2017-02-06T18:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8372"},"modified":"2017-02-08T19:14:19","modified_gmt":"2017-02-08T17:14:19","slug":"gece-vardiyasini-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8372","title":{"rendered":"Gece Vardiyas\u0131n\u0131 kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Gece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kim buldu. Vardiyal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sistemi \u00e7ok eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Antik krall\u0131klarda gece g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in n\u00f6bet bekleyen n\u00f6bet\u00e7iler, bek\u00e7iler, askerler gece vardiyas\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6rnekleri olarak bilinmektedir. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/ampulu-kim-buldu\/\">Ampul\u00fcn icad\u0131 <\/a>gibi yenilikler, sanayi devrimi sonras\u0131 talebin, \u00fcretimin ve maliyetlerin artmas\u0131 vardiyeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sistemine ge\u00e7meyi zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131. \u00d6zellikle\u00a0\u00e7elik fabrikalar\u0131, demir d\u00f6k\u00fcmhaneleri ve tekstil fabrikalar\u0131 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmelerde duran varl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece maliyet olu\u015fturmas\u0131 &#8220;kesintisiz \u00fcretim&#8221; e ge\u00e7i\u015fi h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. 1800 l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru vardiye sistemi oturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n<h2>Gece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131\u00a0kim buldu<\/h2>\n<p>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 \u200b\u200bprogramlar\u0131, i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc genellikle iki haftada bir d\u00f6nd\u00fcren, 12 saatlik vardiya\u00a0sistemi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekteydi. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin gece vardiyas\u0131 12 saatti.\u00a0Bu yorucu\u00a0program olduk\u00e7a yorucuydu.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130ki vardiyeli program, y\u00fcksek i\u015f kazas\u0131 oranlar\u0131na ve yaralanmalarla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. \u0130\u015fverenler, devletin belirledi\u011fi kurallara pek uymuyor,\u00a0i\u015f\u00e7i tazminat\u0131 veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc taraf sorumlulu\u011fu gibi konular\u0131 ciddiye almaktan uzakt\u0131lar. 7\/24 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sistemi operasyonlar\u0131 insan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>1886 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Amerika&#8217;daki \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerini, sekiz saatle s\u0131n\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in sendikalar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u00a0h\u00fck\u00fcmete ve i\u015fverenlere bask\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130lk denemeler\u00a01886&#8217;da Chicago, Haymarket Meydan\u0131&#8217;ndaki \u015fiddetli ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z ayaklanmalarla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bu konuda Kongre, Asgari \u00fccret, maksimum \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatleri ve toplu pazarl\u0131k i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini i\u00e7eren Ulusal End\u00fcstriyel Geri Kazanma Yasas\u0131n\u0131 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koyana kadar pek bir ilerleme kaydedilmedi.<\/p>\n<h2>12 ve 8 Saatlik Vardiya<\/h2>\n<p>Bu yeni y\u00f6netmelikler, i\u015fverenlere, haftal\u0131k 40 saati a\u015fan herhangi bir i\u015f i\u00e7in mesai d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00fccretlerde bir bu\u00e7uk saatlik \u00f6demeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Bu durum sekiz saatlik i\u015f d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc kavram\u0131n\u0131n meydana \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Halen g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde uygulanan geleneksel g\u00fcnd\u00fcz, ak\u015fam ve gece vardiyalar\u0131 h\u0131zla yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>1960&#8217;l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, 12 saatlik vardiya sistemi, \u00e7o\u011funlukla hafta sonu uygulanmaya\u00a0ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6zellikle hizmet sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde faaliyet g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 \u015firketler, 12 saatlik vardiya programlar\u0131n\u0131 benimsediler.<\/p>\n<p>8 saatlik bir vardiya sisteminde, her g\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma grubuna ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaktad\u0131r. 12 saatlik bir sistemde iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma grubuna\u00a0ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar vardiyal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ileri olumsuz etkiledi\u011fi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fyerinde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 uykulu olma gibi nedenlerle i\u015f kazalar\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Vardiyal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma uyku bozuklu\u011fu, i\u015fyerindeki insan hatalar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir risk olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Vardiyal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bili\u015fsel yetene\u011fi ve esnekli\u011fi bozar. Dikkat, motivasyon, karar verme, konu\u015fma, uyan\u0131kl\u0131k ve genel performans\u0131 olumsuz etkilemektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gece \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kim buldu. Vardiyal\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sistemi \u00e7ok eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri uygulanmaktad\u0131r. Antik krall\u0131klarda gece g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in n\u00f6bet bekleyen n\u00f6bet\u00e7iler, bek\u00e7iler, askerler gece vardiyas\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u00f6rnekleri olarak bilinmektedir. Ampul\u00fcn&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8380,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[3038],"class_list":["post-8372","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-vardiya"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8372"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8372"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8372\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8409,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8372\/revisions\/8409"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8380"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8372"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8372"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8372"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}