Zigurrat, Mezopotamya topluluklar\u0131nca yap\u0131lan, genellikle kare kesitli, tabandan tepeye do\u011fru basamak bi\u00e7iminde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fcst\u00e7\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k kule bi\u00e7iminde tap\u0131nak. I\u00d6 2200-500 aras\u0131nda hemen hemen t\u00fcm Mezopotamya kentlerinde bu tap\u0131naklardan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaz\u0131lar sonunda a\u00e7 \u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 30 kadar ziggurat: vard\u0131r. G\u00f6rkemli bir bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131l\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni, da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerden Mezopotamya\u2019ya inmi\u015f olan topluluklar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinde tanr\u0131lara yara\u015f\u0131r yer da\u011flar gibi y\u00fcksekliklerdir. Nitekim! ziggurat s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc S\u00fcmerce-de \u201cda\u011fdaki ev\u201d anlam\u0131na gelirken, Asurcada da \u201cy\u00fckse\u011fe yapmak\u201d anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu nedenle ziggurat bir bak\u0131ma bir da\u011f taklididir.<\/p>\n
Zigguratlar\u0131n ana duvarlar\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015fte kurutulmu\u015f kerpi\u00e7ten yap\u0131l\u0131r ve \u00fczerleru tu\u011fla ile kaplan\u0131rd\u0131. Birbirlerine merdivenler ve rampalarla ba\u011flanan katlar\u0131n yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclerek olu\u015fturdu\u011fu tepesi, kesik piramit bi\u00e7imindedir. En y\u00fcksekteki katta ziggurat\u0131n adand\u0131\u011f\u0131 tanr\u0131ya ait bir ya da birka\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcm yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan zigguratlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu gerek do\u011fa ko\u015fullar\u0131, gerekse yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 malzemenin dayan\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda y\u0131k\u0131kt\u0131rlar. En eski tarihli olamakla birlikte en iyi korunmuy ziggurat, \u0130\u00d6 3.biny\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131na tarihlene Ur ziggurat\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6teki \u00f6rnekler aras\u0131nda ise Uruk, Eridu ve Nippur\u2019daki zigguratlar say\u0131labilir. Bu z\u0131gguratlar kare planl\u0131yken oval lanl\u0131 olan \u00f6rnekler de vard\u0131r; Uqair ve Khafaje \u00f6rnekleri gibi. Daha ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nemlere tarihlenen ziggurat \u00f6rnekleri de \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir: Khorsabad (\u0130\u00d6 8.yy), \u00e7ok iyi durumda olan Elam ziggurat\u0131 \u00c7o\u011fa Zanbil (\u0130\u00d6 13.yy).<\/p>\n
Zigguratlar eski Mezopotamya\u2019da S\u00fcmerlerde, Babillerde ve Asurlarda bir \u00e7e\u015fit tap\u0131nakt\u0131r En eski ziggurat \u00f6rnekleri basit y\u00fckselti platformlar\u0131 iken Ubaid d\u00f6neminde, M\u00d6 4000\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llara aitti En sonuncusu da M\u00d6 6 y\u00fczy\u0131ldad\u0131r Piramitlerin aksine zigguratlar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fc d\u00fczd\u00fcr Basamakl\u0131 piramit tarz\u0131 ilk krall\u0131k d\u00f6nemleri sonunda olmu\u015ftur Dikd\u00f6rtgen, oval ya da kare platformlar \u00fczerinde kurulan zigguratlar\u0131n pramitsel tasar\u0131m\u0131 mevcuttu G\u00fcne\u015fte \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tu\u011flalar zigguratlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r Bu tu\u011flalar genelde astrolojikHorsabad\u2019da bulunan B\u00fcy\u00fck Ur Ziggurad\u0131 bulunur anlamlar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik renklere sahipti Kat say\u0131s\u0131 2 ila 7 aras\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve tepesinde ya bir tap\u0131nak ya da t\u00fcrbe bulunurdu T\u00fcrbeye ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in bir taraf\u0131nda rampalar yap\u0131l\u0131r ve bu rampa en a\u015fa\u011f\u0131s\u0131ndan en y\u00fckse\u011fine kadar uzan\u0131rd\u0131 Tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00f6rnekleri aras\u0131nda<\/p>\n
Mezopotamya zigguratlar\u0131 sadece halk\u0131n ibadet etti\u011fi ya da seremoni yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler de\u011fildi Bu yerlerde tanr\u0131lar\u0131n bulundu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131 Zigguratlar sayesinde tanr\u0131lar\u0131n insanlara yak\u0131n oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131 Her \u015fehirin kendi tanr\u0131s\u0131 mevcuttu Sadece rahipler ziggurat\u0131n i\u00e7erisindeki odalara girebilirdi ve onlar\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu alt\u0131nda tanr\u0131lar\u0131n gereksinimleri kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rd\u0131 Bu vesile ile, zigguratlar\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde tanr\u0131larla y\u00fczy\u00fcze kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve diyalog kurabildiklerini iddia eden rahipler b\u00f6ylece S\u00fcmer halk\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00fcyelerinden olmu\u015ftur<\/p>\n
Bilinen 32 ziggurat vard\u0131r Bunlardan 4\u2019\u00fc \u0130ran\u2019da, gerisi Irak\u2019tad\u0131r En son ke\u015ffedilen ziggurat \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n merkezi Sialk\u2019da bulunmu\u015ftur<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde eski halini en iyi koruyan zigguratlardan biri de \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda Koka Zanbil\u2019dedir; \u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131nda bir \u00e7ok arkeolojik yer yokolsa da buras\u0131 ayakta kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r Sialk ise g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde mevcut olan en eski ziggurat oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir ve M\u00d63000l\u00fc y\u0131llardan kalmaktad\u0131r Ziggurat tasar\u0131mlar\u0131 basit bir tepe \u00fczerine oturulmu\u015f mimariden, matemati\u011fi ve in\u015faat\u0131n mucizesine kadar ula\u015fabilen bir \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fittedir<\/p>\n
Basit bir ziggurata \u00f6rnek, S\u00fcmerler d\u00f6neminden kalan Uruk\u2019daki Beyaz Tap\u0131nak\u2019d\u0131r Ziggurat kendili\u011finden Beyaz Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerdir Amac\u0131 da ne kadar g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne yak\u0131n olursa, tanr\u0131lara ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n o kadar kolay oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131<\/p>\n
Bilinen en b\u00fcy\u00fck ziggurat ise, Babil\u2019den kalma Marduk ziggurat\u0131d\u0131r (ya da Etemenanki) Ne yaz\u0131k ki, bu tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n taban\u0131ndan bile kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 fazla kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar ve tarihsel kay\u0131tlar sayesinde bu ziggurat\u0131n renkli 7 katl\u0131, ve tepesinde de dev bir tap\u0131na\u0131\u011f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6sterir Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n renginin indigo (mora yak\u0131n) oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte, ve en \u00fcst katlarda da bu renk kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne giden 3 merdivenin bulundu\u011fu bilinir, ve bunlardan ikisi ziggurat\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar ula\u015f\u0131r<\/p>\n
Bu ziggurat\u0131n di\u011fer ismi Etemenanki, S\u00fcmerce de \u201cCennet ve D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015fu\u201d amnas\u0131na gelir Hammurabi taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edildi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131r, ve bu ziggurat\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunanlar bundan daha \u00f6nce bulunan zigguratlarda da bulunur En \u00fcst kat\u0131 15 metre uzunlu\u011funda tu\u011fla geli\u015fimiyle Kral Nebukatnezar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Zigurrat, Mezopotamya topluluklar\u0131nca yap\u0131lan, genellikle kare kesitli, tabandan tepeye do\u011fru basamak bi\u00e7iminde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00fcst\u00e7\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k kule bi\u00e7iminde tap\u0131nak. I\u00d6 2200-500 aras\u0131nda hemen hemen t\u00fcm Mezopotamya kentlerinde bu tap\u0131naklardan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kaz\u0131lar…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8455,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[3048],"class_list":["post-8454","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-toplum","tag-tapinak"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8454"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8454"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8454\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8456,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8454\/revisions\/8456"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8455"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8454"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8454"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8454"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}