{"id":86,"date":"2010-12-16T02:28:07","date_gmt":"2010-12-16T00:28:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.imaxi.net\/?p=86"},"modified":"2018-09-28T01:15:35","modified_gmt":"2018-09-27T23:15:35","slug":"otobusu-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=86","title":{"rendered":"Otob\u00fcs\u00fc Kim Buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sekiz yolcu kapasiteli ilk otob\u00fcsler “Carosses \u00e2 cinq solz” olarak bilinen, 1662 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris’te hizmete girdi. Kurulu\u015fun isim hakk\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z filozof ve bilim adam\u0131 Blaise Pascal<\/a> ile arkada\u015f\u0131 ve mali destek\u00e7isi Duc de Roannez ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Tarifeli servislere ise ilk kez 18 Mart 1662 g\u00fcn\u00fc Saint Antoine kap\u0131s\u0131 ile Luxembourg kap\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015fland\u0131. 7-8 dakika aral\u0131klarla d\u00f6rt ara\u00e7 bir y\u00f6ne giderken, \u00fc\u00e7 ara\u00e7 da aksi y\u00f6nde hareket ediyordu. \u00d6nceleri, nerede binilirse binilsin ya da nerede inilirse inilsin, ayn\u0131 \u00fccret al\u0131n\u0131yordu. Ancak, bir s\u00fcre sonra\u00a0 durak sistemi geli\u015ftirildi ve belirli mesafeler i\u00e7in belirli \u00fccretler saptand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu kitle ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131, al\u0131nan patent gere\u011fince binmeleri yasaklanan askerler ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, b\u00fct\u00fcn kent halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck ilgisiyle\u00a0 kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Aristokratlar bile, \u00f6zel arabalar\u0131n\u0131 bir durakta b\u0131rak\u0131yor, o “kalabal\u0131k” otob\u00fcslere binerek, “tam yedi ki\u015fiyle birlikte”,\u00a0 \u00fcstelik halktan ki\u015filerle seyahat etmenin “romantizmini” ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kral dahi bu modadan kendini kurtaramad\u0131 ve bir g\u00fcn bu yeni\u00a0\u00a0 ula\u015f\u0131m arac\u0131n\u0131 deneyerek, tarih boyunca otob\u00fcse binen say\u0131l\u0131 kraldan biri oldu. 5 Temmuz’dan itibaren, d\u00f6rt yeni hat daha i\u015fletmeye\u00a0 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Ne var ki, ilk modan\u0131n etkisi ge\u00e7ip, aristokratlar al\u0131\u015fageldikleri ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Burjuvalar da otob\u00fcs \u00fccreti\u00a0 \u00f6demek yerine, adamlar\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyi \u00f6neriyorlar ve hatta zorluyorlard\u0131, ‘\u015eirketin faaliyete ge\u00e7mesinden be\u015f ay sonra, Pascal\u00a0 \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, otob\u00fcsler yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya bo\u015f gidip gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ancak, Duc de Roannez, 20 y\u0131l daha inatla dayand\u0131 ve otob\u00fcslerini seferden kald\u0131rmad\u0131. Nihayet \u00e7ok ya\u015flan\u0131nca, i\u015fin pe\u015fini b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Otob\u00fcslerin kitle ula\u015f\u0131m arac\u0131 olarak Parislilerin hizmetine yeniden girmesi i\u00e7in aradan \u00e7ok uzun y\u0131llar ge\u00e7mesi gerekti. 1819 y\u0131l\u0131nda Jacques Lafitte, bir otob\u00fcs filosuyla, d\u00fcnyada ve Paris’te ikinci\u00a0 denemeyi ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu kez, her otob\u00fcs\u00fcn 16-18 yolcu kapasitesi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130ki katl\u0131 ilk otob\u00fcs<\/h2>\n

Bu t\u00fcr otob\u00fcslerin ilki, 1847 y\u0131l\u0131 Nisan ay\u0131nda Londra’da Adams and Co. adl\u0131 \u015firket taraf\u0131ndan “Economic Conveyance Co.” \u015firketinin sipari\u015fi \u00fczerine yap\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130lk kat\u0131n tavan\u0131na birbiri arkas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilen s\u0131ralara, 14 yolcu oturabiliyordu. Burada gitmeyi tercih eden ki\u015filerden yar\u0131 \u00fccret al\u0131n\u0131yordu. 1851 y\u0131l\u0131nda, bu otob\u00fcsler ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rd\u00fc. B\u00fcy\u00fck Fuar i\u00e7in Londra’y\u0131 dolduran b\u00fcy\u00fck kalabal\u0131k nedeniyle, \u00fcst kattaki s\u0131ralar dolmu\u015fsa, yolcular\u0131n kenarlara oturmalar\u0131na ve ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 yandan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 sark\u0131tmalar\u0131na izin verildi. Ancak, bu t\u00fcr yolculuk bazen \u00e7ok pahal\u0131ya mal olabiliyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yolcular, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya salland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 bacaklar\u0131yla k\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 camlar\u0131n paras\u0131n\u0131 da \u00f6demek zorundayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

9 Nisan 1909 g\u00fcn\u00fc Londra’da Widnes Corporation taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131t\u0131lan d\u00f6rt yeni otob\u00fcs\u00fcn, \u00fcst katlar\u0131 da “kapal\u0131 salon”a sahipti. Ancak, yasal birtak\u0131m k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar nedeniyle bu otob\u00fcsler, 2 Ekim 1925 g\u00fcn\u00fc sefere ba\u015flat\u0131labildi. S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc mahalli, merdiveni, \u00fcst kat\u0131 tamamen kapal\u0131 ilk otob\u00fcs ise, ancak 1930 y\u0131l\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Benzinle\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk motorlu otob\u00fcs<\/h2>\n

Bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi, Kuzey Almanya’da 18 Mart 1895 g\u00fcn\u00fc, 15 kilometrelik Siegen- Netphen-Deutz hatt\u0131nda sefere ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu, Benz marka 5 beygir g\u00fcc\u00fcnde tek katl\u0131 bir otob\u00fcst\u00fc. Netphener Omnibus Co. adl\u0131 yerel firma taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen otob\u00fcs\u00fcn i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131na alt\u0131 ya da sekiz yolcu oturuyor, s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131ndaki bo\u015flu\u011fa da iki yolcu al\u0131n\u0131yordu. \u0130lk s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc, Netphen kentinden Herman Golze idi. Ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden bir ba\u015fka otob\u00fcs de, 1 Temmuz 1895 g\u00fcn\u00fc hizmete girdi. Saatte ortalama 14 kilometre h\u0131z yapabilen bu otob\u00fcsler, bir seferlerini 1 saat 20 dakikada tamaml\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u0130lk duraktan binenlerden 70 fenik, ara duraklardan binenlerden ise 20 fenik \u00fccret al\u0131n\u0131yordu. Otob\u00fcslerin bir ba\u015fka \u00f6zelli\u011fi de, k\u0131\u015f\u0131n, i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. Bu, o g\u00fcne dek kitle ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda ilk kez g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir uygulamayd\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, baz\u0131 yoku\u015flarda yolcular a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya indiriliyor ve kendilerinden otob\u00fcse bir el atmalar\u0131 “rica ediliyordu”. Y\u00fcksek i\u015fletme giderleri ve s\u0131k s\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ar\u0131zalar nedeniyle, otob\u00fcsler zamanla i\u015fletmeci firmaya \u00e7ok pahal\u0131ya mal olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 20 Aral\u0131k 1895’te seferlere son verildi. \u0130ki otob\u00fcs, hizmet verdikleri s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde 10 bin 600 biletli yolcu ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

1898 y\u0131l\u0131 Mart ay\u0131nda Fransa’da Nantes ile Velheuil aras\u0131nda sefere ba\u015flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck otob\u00fcsler<\/strong> 16 beygir g\u00fcc\u00fcnde ve 6 ton a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki 18 yolcu kapasiteli Tenting Omnibus’tu. 9 Ekim 1899 g\u00fcn\u00fc ise, Londra’da 12 beygir g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki Alman Daimlers marka otob\u00fcsler hizmete girdi. \u0130ki katl\u0131 bu otob\u00fcslerin 26 yolcu kapasitesi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sekiz yolcu kapasiteli ilk otob\u00fcsler “Carosses \u00e2 cinq solz” olarak bilinen, 1662 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris’te hizmete girdi. Kurulu\u015fun isim hakk\u0131n\u0131, \u00fcnl\u00fc Frans\u0131z filozof ve bilim adam\u0131 Blaise Pascal ile arkada\u015f\u0131 ve…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10199,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,22],"tags":[55,1195],"class_list":["post-86","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gezi","category-toplum","tag-otobus","tag-toplu-tasima"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/86"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=86"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/86\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12041,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/86\/revisions\/12041"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10199"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=86"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=86"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=86"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}