Atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n temeli karars\u0131z atomlar\u0131n \u00e7ekirde\u011findeki zincirleme b\u00f6l\u00fcnme reaksiyonunun bir anda ve patlama \u015feklinde olmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan enerjiye dayanmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck birer enerji deposu oldu\u011fu, 1896\u2019da Frans\u0131z fizik\u00e7isi Henri Becquerel’in radyoaktifli\u011fi ke\u015ffetmesiyle anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1919\u2019da \u0130ngiliz fizik\u00e7isi Rutherford azot gaz\u0131 \u00e7ekirde\u011fini, radyoaktif cisimlerin yayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 alfa tanecikleri ile bombard\u0131man ederek azot \u00e7ekirde\u011fini oksijen \u00e7ekirde\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bu bulu\u015ftan sonra \u00e7ekirdek reaksiyonu \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar artm\u0131\u015f ve 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130talyan fizik\u00e7isi Enrico Fermi uranyum \u00e7ekirde\u011fi ile n\u00f6tron taneci\u011finin reaksiyonundan, atom numaras\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan transuranyum denilen yeni elementlerin meydana geldi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu bilgilerden faydalanan Alman kimyac\u0131lar\u0131 Otto Hahn ve F. Strasmann 1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda uranyum \u00e7ekirde\u011fini n\u00f6tron bombard\u0131man\u0131na tabi tutarak yakla\u015f\u0131k ayn\u0131 boyda iki \u00e7ekirde\u011fe b\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zamanda Alman kimyac\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, Almanlar\u0131n atom enerjisinden faydalanarak bomba yapabileceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek, Almanlar\u2019dan \u00f6nce sonuca ula\u015fabilmek i\u00e7in metalurji projesi kod ad\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Proje \u0130talyan fizik\u00e7isi Enrico Fermi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilerek 1942 y\u0131l\u0131nda Uranyum \u00e7ekirdeklerinin zincirleme par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve 2 Aral\u0131k 1942\u2019de ilk reakt\u00f6r \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tarih atom \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn olarak kabul edilir. B\u00f6ylece atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in ilk ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llarda, bir\u00e7ok \u00fclke ve bir \u00e7ok bilim adam\u0131, n\u00fckleer enerjinin ak\u0131lalmaz g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bir bombaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemeyece\u011fine ili\u015fkin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. \u0130ngiltere’ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan iki Alman bilimadam\u0131 Profes\u00f6r Rudolph Peierls ve Dr. Otto Frisch, 1940 bahar\u0131nda, Birmingham \u00dcniversitesi’nde ilk geli\u015fmeyi sa\u011flad\u0131lar. \u0130ngiliz H\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan Nisan 1940’da kurulan \u00f6zel komite, 1941 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Haziran ay\u0131nda, ikibu\u00e7uk y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, ilk atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131labilece\u011fini duyurdu.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fbakan Winston Churchill, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n devam ettirilmesini istedi. Ancak, \u0130ngiltere, yo\u011fun \u015fekilde bombard\u0131man tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 bulundu\u011fundan, adada k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir tesis kurulacak, as\u0131l b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretim ise, Kanada’da yap\u0131lacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
Amerikan\u0131n 1941 y\u0131l\u0131nda sava\u015fa girmesi \u00fczerine, iki \u00fclke, atom bombas\u0131na ili\u015fkin projelerin ortak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130ngiliz bilim adamlar\u0131 Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n “Manhattan Projesi”nde g\u00f6rev ald\u0131lar ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar Amerika’da y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n
Atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in New Mexico eyaletinde Los Alamos\u2019da atom bombas\u0131 yap\u0131m merkezi kuruldu. Bu b\u00f6lge askeri yasak b\u00f6lge ilan edilerek ad\u0131 haritadan silinmi\u015f, atom fizik\u00e7isi Prof. Dr. Oppeheimer<\/strong> ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki 5700 ki\u015filik bilim ordusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu merkezde 1945 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda bomban\u0131n esas maddesi olan saf uranyum 235 ve plutonyum 239\u2019dan 50\u2019\u015fer kilogram elde edildi. 1945 y\u0131l\u0131 Temmuz ay\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk atom bombas\u0131 haz\u0131rland\u0131. Bunlardan uranyum 235\u2019ten yap\u0131lan atom bombas\u0131na (little boy), plutonyum 239\u2019dan yap\u0131lana ise (fat man) ad\u0131\u00a0 verildi. Bu bombalar saniyenin milyonda birinde, bir milyon kere milyon kilo kalori enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karmaktayd\u0131. Bu enerji havay\u0131 \u0131s\u0131tarak 12.000 m y\u00fcksekli\u011finde bir bulut meydana getirmekte, r\u00fczgarlar\u0131ndan binalar y\u0131k\u0131lmakta ve 400 m \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki alan\u0131 eriterek ate\u015f g\u00f6l\u00fc haline getirmekteydi.<\/p>\n \u0130lk atom bombas\u0131 patlatma denemesi, 16 Temmuz 1945’te New Mexico \u00e7\u00f6llerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Japonlar\u0131n yava\u015f yava\u015f bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerine yana\u015fmaya ba\u015flamalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Truman, \u0130ngiliz Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Churchill’in de onay\u0131 ile, Japonya’n\u0131n kay\u0131ts\u0131z ko\u015fulsuz teslimini \u00e7abukla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla iki atom bombas\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verdi. Tokyo, b\u00f6yle bir bomban\u0131n kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair \u00f6nceden uyar\u0131lmad\u0131. 6 A\u011fustos 1945’te Hiro\u015fima, n\u00fckleer sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ilk kurban\u0131 oldu. 20 bin ton TNT (dinamit) tahrip g\u00fcc\u00fcne e\u015fit olan bomba, yerden 600 metre y\u00fckseklikte patlad\u0131 ve 80 bin ki\u015finin derhal \u00f6lmesine, 70 bin ki\u015finin de sakat kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Kentteki binalar\u0131n y\u00fczde 70’i de tamamen yok olmu\u015f, ya da kullan\u0131lamaz hale gelmi\u015fti. 9 A\u011fustos’ta, ikinci bomba Nagasaki’ye at\u0131ld\u0131. Bu kentte de, 40 bin ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc. 25 bin ki\u015fi yaraland\u0131. 10 A\u011fustos’ta Japonlar, “hi\u00e7bir ko\u015ful” \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmeden teslim oldular.<\/p>\n Atom silahlar\u0131 patlay\u0131nca, hemen \u015fiddetli bir r\u00fczgar etrafa yay\u0131l\u0131r. Bu r\u00fczgar be\u015f saniye s\u00fcrer. Sonra etraftan buraya, ikinci bir r\u00fczgar gelir. Bu r\u00fczgarlar, binalar\u0131, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 y\u0131kar. Ancak kuvvetli \u00e7elik \u00e7er\u00e7evelerle takviye edilmi\u015f betonarme yap\u0131lar, bunlara dayanabilir. Gamma \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131, kandaki akyuvarlar\u0131 (l\u00f6kositleri) tahrip edip, alyuvarlar\u0131n (hematilerin) \u00fcremesini men eder. Hiro\u015fima\u2019da bu \u0131\u015f\u0131nlarla 9000 ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ki, bu miktar, b\u00fct\u00fcn zayiat\u0131n % 15\u2019i kadard\u0131r. Patlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden itibaren birka\u00e7 kilometreye kadar \u015fiddetli tesiri vard\u0131r. Otuz \u00fc\u00e7 santimetre kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7eli\u011fin, bir metre betonun, y\u00fcz altm\u0131\u015f yedi santimetre topra\u011f\u0131n; atom bombas\u0131 tesirinden koruduklar\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Ancak \u015furas\u0131 \u00e7ok kesin olarak bilinmektedir ki, Amerikal\u0131lar atom bombas\u0131n\u0131 kullanmasalar bile, Japonya teslim olmak \u00fczereydi. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile Bat\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki so\u011fuk sava\u015ftan yararlanan\u00a0 Amerika bir s\u00fcre, n\u00fckleer silahlar\u0131 tekelinde tutman\u0131n zevkini ya\u015fad\u0131. Ancak, 1949 y\u0131l\u0131nda Moskova ilk atom denemesini yapt\u0131. Onu, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra \u0130ngiltere izledi.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn atom bombas\u0131na sahip \u00fclkeler ABD, Rusya, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve \u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyetidir. Bu devletlerin elindeki toplam g\u00fc\u00e7, Hiro\u015fima\u2019ya at\u0131lan ilk atom bambas\u0131n\u0131n 500.000 kat\u0131d\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bu silahlardan korunma \u00e7areleri \u00fczerinde de devaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Atom bombas\u0131n\u0131n temeli karars\u0131z atomlar\u0131n \u00e7ekirde\u011findeki zincirleme b\u00f6l\u00fcnme reaksiyonunun bir anda ve patlama \u015feklinde olmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan enerjiye dayanmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck birer enerji deposu oldu\u011fu, 1896\u2019da Frans\u0131z fizik\u00e7isi…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10086,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[345],"tags":[1044,492,1045,491],"class_list":["post-866","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-askeri","tag-atom","tag-atom-bombasi","tag-bomba","tag-nukleer-bomba"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/866"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=866"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/866\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10087,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/866\/revisions\/10087"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10086"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=866"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=866"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=866"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}