{"id":8821,"date":"2018-01-18T23:48:03","date_gmt":"2018-01-18T21:48:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8821"},"modified":"2018-02-19T14:10:19","modified_gmt":"2018-02-19T12:10:19","slug":"iha-kim-icat-etti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=8821","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nsans\u0131z Hava Arac\u0131’n\u0131 kim icat etti"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsans\u0131z hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong> (IHA), di\u011fer ad\u0131yla Drone<\/strong>‘lar askeri g\u00fc\u00e7lerin, s\u0131n\u0131r\u00f6tesi operasyonlar\u0131nda ve\u00a0 ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadelede \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6rev \u00fcstlenmektedir.\u00a0\u0130nsans\u0131z hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yeni bir teknolojiymi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6ncesine dayanan uzun ve k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Nikola Tesla<\/a>‘n\u0131n Vizyonu<\/h2>\n

Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin en parlak mucitlerinden biri olan Nikola Telsa, insans\u0131z silahl\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n gelecekte kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren ilk ki\u015fi oldu. O y\u0131llarda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi uzaktan kumanda sisteminin potansiyel kullan\u0131m alanlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde planlamalar yaparken \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc f\u00fct\u00fcristik tahminlerden sadece biriydi insans\u0131z hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131.<\/p>\n

Nikola Telsa<\/strong> 1898 y\u0131l\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 patentinde “Gemilerin veya Vas\u0131talar\u0131n Hareket Mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n Kontrol\u00fc Metodu ve Aparat\u0131” (No. 613.809) yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131mamada yeni radyo-kontrol teknolojisinin olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015f bir yelpazede anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n

Tarif etti\u011fim bulu\u015f pek \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan yararl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Deniz ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 veya benzeri ara\u00e7lar, y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in uygun herhangi bir t\u00fcrde gemiler veya ara\u00e7larda kullan\u0131labilir… Ancak icad\u0131m\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011feri, sava\u015f ve silahlanma alan\u0131nda anla\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bilinen silahlar\u0131n aksine icad\u0131m uluslar aras\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flama ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmede etkili olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyorum.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Patenti sunduktan yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 ay sonra, d\u00fcnyaya b\u00f6yle bir teknolojinin nas\u0131l i\u015fleyebilece\u011fine dair bir sunum yapt\u0131. Madison Square Garden’da d\u00fczenlenen y\u0131ll\u0131k Elektrik Fuar\u0131’nda kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar Tesla’n\u0131n, bir havuz boyunca oyuncak bir gemiye manevra yapt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in radyo sinyalleri ileten bir kontrol kutusunu kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131ka izlediler. O g\u00fcnlerde radyo dalgalar\u0131 teknolojisi ile deney yapan bir avu\u00e7 mucitin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, az say\u0131da insan radyo dalgalar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberdard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Askeri \u0130nsans\u0131z Hava Ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (IHA) – Drone<\/h2>\n

O tarihte silahl\u0131 kuvvetler, stratejik avantajlar elde etmek i\u00e7in uzaktan kumandal\u0131 ara\u00e7lar\u0131n nas\u0131l kullan\u0131labilece\u011fini \u00f6nceden g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bile. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1898’deki \u0130spanyol-Amerikan sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, ABD ordusu, d\u00fc\u015fman birliklerinin havadan foto\u011fraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekebilmek i\u00e7in foto\u011fraf makinesi ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f u\u00e7urtmalar yapmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Askeri ama\u00e7la bir insans\u0131z ara\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili daha \u00f6nceki bir \u00f6rnek ise Avusturyal\u0131lar\u0131n 1849’da patlay\u0131c\u0131 madde ile doldurulmu\u015f balonlarla Venedik’e yapt\u0131klar\u0131\u00a0sald\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan \u00f6nce, Askeri m\u00fchendisler Tesla’n\u0131n vizyonunu daha ileri g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in uzaktan kumanda sistemlerini, \u00e7e\u015fitli insans\u0131z u\u00e7aklara entegre etmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 denemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk \u00e7ok masrafl\u0131 ve karma\u015f\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan biri, ABD Deniz Kuvvetleri i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan mucitler Elmer Sperry<\/strong> ve Peter Hewitt<\/strong>‘in radyo kontroll\u00fc pilotsuz bir bombard\u0131man u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 olan Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane<\/strong>‘i geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n

Bu amaca y\u00f6nelik olarak, u\u00e7aklar\u0131 otomatik olarak stabilize edebilen bir jiroskop sisteminin m\u00fckemmelle\u015ftirilmesi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemliydi. Hewitt ve Sperry’nin sonunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 u\u00e7akta, otomatik pilot sisteminde; y\u00f6n sabitleyici bir jiroskop, y\u00fckseklik kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in bir barometre, radyo kontroll\u00fc kanat ve kuyruk par\u00e7alar\u0131 ve mesafeyi \u00f6l\u00e7en bir mekanizma gibi \u00f6zellikler vard\u0131. Teorik olarak, bu sistem, u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nceden ayarlanm\u0131\u015f bir rotaya g\u00f6re u\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 ve hedefe bomba atmas\u0131n\u0131\u00a0sa\u011flamaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Konsepte olan inac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in Deniz Kuvvetleri, yedi tane Curtiss N-9 deniz u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131na bu sistemi uygulatm\u0131\u015f, Automatic Airplane sisteminin geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in fazladan 200 bin dolar \u00f6denek sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Fakat sonu\u00e7ta, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z birka\u00e7 prototip<\/a> ve denemelerden sonra projeye son verilmi\u015ftir. Proje ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olsa da, projede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar, sistemin kavram olarak uygulanabilir oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlayan bir ka\u00e7 bomba atmay\u0131 ba\u015farabilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

ABD donanmas\u0131 Hewitt ve Sperry’nin Otomatik U\u00e7ak fikrini desteklerken, bir yandanda ABD ordusu\u00a0ba\u015fka bir mucidi yani General Motors’un ara\u015ft\u0131rma sorumlusu Charles Ketterling’i, bir “hava torpido” projesi \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirdi. Projeye Elmer Sperry ve Orville Wright<\/strong><\/a> (U\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n Mucidi<\/a>) dan\u0131\u015fman olarak getirildi. Bu i\u015fbirli\u011fi, \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f bir hedefe do\u011fru do\u011frudan bir bomba ta\u015f\u0131yacak \u015fekilde programlanm\u0131\u015f bilgisayarl\u0131, otomatik pilotlu bir \u00e7ift kanatl\u0131 Ketterling Bug<\/strong> u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n

1918’de Ketterling, ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir deneme u\u00e7u\u015funu tamamlad\u0131; bu orduya, insans\u0131z u\u00e7aklar\u0131n \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir cesaet verdi. Bununla birlikte, Ketterling u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 da Automatic Airplane ile ay\u0131n\u0131 kaderi payla\u015ft\u0131. D\u00fc\u015fman topraklar\u0131na ula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce sistemin ar\u0131zalanabilece\u011finden endi\u015fe duyuyldu\u011fu i\u00e7in sava\u015fta kullan\u0131lmad\u0131lar. Ancak geri d\u00f6n\u00fcp bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda her iki u\u00e7ak projesi de, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki cruise f\u00fczelerinin \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in insans\u0131z hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fiminde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Drone Terimi<\/h2>\n

Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nem, \u0130ngiliz Kraliyet Donanmas\u0131 radyo kontroll\u00fc insans\u0131z u\u00e7aklar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinde ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 IHA lar\u0131 ilk olarak “Target Drone” olarak kulland\u0131lar. Bu ara\u00e7lar d\u00fc\u015fman u\u00e7aklar\u0131n\u0131n hareketlerini taklit etmek \u00fczere programland\u0131. Amac\u0131 hedef u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n hareketlerini taklit etmek ve hedef u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 vurarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmekti.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk kez Drone terimi Havilland Tiger Moth u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uzaktan kumandal\u0131 versiyonu olan DH.82B Queen Bee u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131nnda kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

1919’da, \u0130ngiliz Royal Flying Corps’un hizmet uzman\u0131 olan Reginald Denny<\/strong>, Birle\u015fik Devletler’e g\u00f6\u00e7 etti ve Radioplane Company ad\u0131yla model u\u00e7ak \u00fcretmek \u00fczere bir tesis a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu tesis daha sonra dronelar\u0131n ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcreticisi oldu. Denny, ABD Ordusu’na bir dizi prototip sundu ve sonunda Radioplane OQ-2<\/strong> dronlar\u0131n\u0131n imalat\u0131 i\u00e7in bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme imzalad\u0131. 1940’da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mola verdi. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sona erdi\u011finde, \u015firket orduya onbe\u015f bin dron tedarik etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Radioplane Company<\/strong>‘nin ad\u0131, dronlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir konuda daha \u00e7ok duyuldu. Radioplane Company, efsanevi Hollywood y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131ndan birinin kariyerine ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olarak bilinmektedir. Denny’nin akt\u00f6rl\u00fck zaman\u0131ndan arkada\u015f\u0131 olan Ronald Reagen<\/strong>, ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 olduktan sonra, 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda ordunun haftal\u0131k dergisi i\u00e7in Radioplane fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n foto\u011fraflarn\u0131n \u00e7ekilmesini istedi. Foto\u011fraflar\u0131 \u00e7ekmesi i\u00e7in David Conover ad\u0131nda bir askeri foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131 g\u00f6nderdi. Fabrika \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131ndan Norma Jean ad\u0131nda gen\u00e7 bir bayan foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n dikkatini \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. Norma Jean i\u015finden ayr\u0131larak foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131 David Conover ile di\u011fer foto\u011fraf \u00e7ekimlerinde model olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Norma Jean pop\u00fcler olmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ad\u0131n\u0131 Marilyn Monroe<\/strong> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n

II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde de muharebe operasyonlar\u0131nda insans\u0131z u\u00e7aklar kullan\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0\u00d6zellikle, Nazi Almanyas\u0131’n\u0131n V-1 roketi olan AKA Buzz Bomb en y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 olan\u0131 idi. \u015eehirlerdeki sivil hedefleri vurmak i\u00e7in tasarlanan “u\u00e7an bomba”, 150 kilometrelik mesafeye 2 tonluk sava\u015f ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yabiliyor, jiroskopik otopilot sistem taraf\u0131ndan kontrol ediliyordu. \u0130lk olarak gemi f\u00fczesi olarak 10.000 sivilin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve 28.000 civar\u0131nda ki\u015finin yaralanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’ndan sonra ABD askeri birlikleri, ke\u015fif g\u00f6revleri i\u00e7in \u0130HA lar\u0131 yeniden kullan\u0131ma sokmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1951’de 60.000 fit y\u00fcksekli\u011fe ula\u015f\u0131rken iki saatli\u011fine havada kalma kabiliyeti olan Ryan Firebee I,\u00a0 ilk insans\u0131z hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131. Ryan Firebee’yi bir ke\u015fif platformu haline getirmek i\u00e7in, her ikisi de Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131 boyunca yayg\u0131n bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131lan Model 147 Fire Fly ve Lightning Bug u\u00e7aklar\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131. So\u011fuk sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde ABD ordusu odak noktas\u0131n\u0131 casus u\u00e7aklar\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesine \u00e7evirdi. Bunun \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rne\u011fi Mach 4 Lockheed D-21’dir.<\/p>\n

Silahl\u0131 insans\u0131z hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc f\u00fczeler de\u011fil) kavram\u0131 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar yeterince ele al\u0131nmad\u0131. General Atomics taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen silahl\u0131 \u0130HA tan\u0131m\u0131na en uygun aday Predator RQ-1, 1994 de\u00a0 400 deniz mili mesafesinde seyir yapabilen ve 14 saat s\u00fcreyle havada kalabilen bir ke\u015fif arac\u0131 olarak test edildi ve hizmete sokuldu. Daha etkileyici olan \u00f6zelli\u011fi ise, uydu ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerinden binlerce kilometre uzaktan kontrol edilebiliyor olmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

7 Ekim 2001’de Lazer g\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc hell fire f\u00fczeleri ile donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir Predator, Afganistan’daki Kandahar kentinde, Taliban’\u0131n liderlerinden olan Molla Muhammed \u00d6mer’i etkisiz hale getirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. G\u00f6rev ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu fakat askeri insans\u0131z hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yei bir d\u00f6neme ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. O g\u00fcnden bu yana, Predator ve General Atomics’in \u00fcretti\u011fi Predator ve daha yetenekli olan\u0131 MQ-9 Reaper binlerce g\u00f6rev tamamlad\u0131. Guardian gazetesi bu g\u00f6revler esnas\u0131nda ise en az 6.000 sivilin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fini bildirdi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130nsans\u0131z hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 (IHA), di\u011fer ad\u0131yla Drone‘lar askeri g\u00fc\u00e7lerin, s\u0131n\u0131r\u00f6tesi operasyonlar\u0131nda ve\u00a0 ter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadelede \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6rev \u00fcstlenmektedir.\u00a0\u0130nsans\u0131z hava ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yeni bir teknolojiymi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6ncesine dayanan uzun…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8829,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[3082,3083],"class_list":["post-8821","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-teknoloji","tag-drone","tag-iha"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8821"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8821"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8821\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9713,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8821\/revisions\/9713"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8829"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8821"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8821"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8821"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}