{"id":9031,"date":"2018-02-11T00:49:14","date_gmt":"2018-02-10T22:49:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=9031"},"modified":"2018-10-01T00:47:13","modified_gmt":"2018-09-30T22:47:13","slug":"komuru-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=9031","title":{"rendered":"K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u00f6m\u00fcr kalorifer<\/a> veya soba<\/a> ile evlerin \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda, sanayide y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar gereken i\u015flerde k\u00f6m\u00fcr kazanlar\u0131nda, tar\u0131mda ise seralar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikler do\u011falgaz<\/a>, gazya\u011f\u0131, benzin<\/a> ve mazot gibi di\u011fer yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yayg\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde insan hayat\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. \u00d6zellikle sanayi devriminden sonra trenler ve gemilerde buhar motoru kazan\u0131ndaki suyun \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda, konutlar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131nda ve hatta k\u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc lambalarda ayd\u0131nlatma i\u00e7in k\u00f6m\u00fcr kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcre alternatif yak\u0131t t\u00fcrlerinin yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ile art\u0131k daha az tercih edilen k\u00f6m\u00fcr, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde halen elektrik<\/a> santrallerinde, sanayide ve \u0131s\u0131nmada kullan\u0131lmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcrden elde edilen t\u00fcrevler araba<\/a> motor<\/a>lar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan grafit, baz\u0131 ila\u00e7lar\u0131n i\u00e7indeki hammaddeler ve tar\u0131mda kullan\u0131lan suni g\u00fcbrelerin<\/a> i\u00e7inde yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kim bulmu\u015ftur<\/h2>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ilk kimin buldu\u011fu tam olarak bilinmiyor fakat uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nemlerinde, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerinde y\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr alanlar\u0131 bulunmaktayd\u0131.\u00a0Buralarda ya\u015fayan insanlar, zamanla bu ta\u015flar\u0131n yand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenerek onu kullanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bilinen ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ilk kullanan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00c7inliler oldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyor. Bundan yakla\u015f\u0131k 3000 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce demir<\/a>, bak\u0131r gibi madenleri \u015fekillendirmek i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek derecede \u0131s\u0131 veren k\u00f6m\u00fcrden yararland\u0131lar. Marko Polo, seyahatlerinde \u00c7in’de insanlar\u0131n madenlerden \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 siyah renkte ta\u015flar\u0131 yakt\u0131klar\u0131ndan ve bunlarla banyolar\u0131ndaki<\/a> suyu \u0131s\u0131tarak y\u0131kand\u0131klar\u0131ndan bahsetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Antik Yunan demircileri de demiri \u0131s\u0131tacak ve yumu\u015fatacak kadar s\u0131cakl\u0131k i\u00e7in k\u00f6m\u00fcrden yararlan\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

13. yy ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler k\u00f6m\u00fcrden en \u00e7ok faydalanan Avrupa \u00fclkesi durumundayd\u0131. \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Kuzeyinde yer alan, Tyne \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresinde toprak \u00fczerine kadar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f geni\u015f bir k\u00f6m\u00fcr madeni bulunmaktayd\u0131. Buradan elde ettikleri k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kullan\u0131yorlar ve hatta New Castle liman\u0131ndan gemilerle Fransa\u2019ya sat\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu b\u00f6lgede \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00f6m\u00fcre deniz k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ad\u0131 verilmi\u015fti.\u00a0Londra\u2019da, \u00e7ok duman \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131na ve koku yaymas\u0131na ra\u011fmen evler k\u00f6m\u00fcrle \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

1666 y\u0131l\u0131nda meydana gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck Londra\u2019da yang\u0131n\u0131nda bir \u00e7ok ev, d\u00fckk\u00e2n ve kilise yand\u0131. Kentin yeniden in\u015faa edilmesine kaynak bulunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcmet, \u0130ngiltere d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6nderilen k\u00f6m\u00fcre fazladan vergi koydu. Bu vergilerden sa\u011flanan para ile \u015fehrin yanan ve y\u0131k\u0131lan yap\u0131lar\u0131 yeniden in\u015faa edildi. O zamanlarda k\u00f6m\u00fcr sadece y\u00fczeyden toplan\u0131yordu. Toprak alt\u0131ndan k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00e7\u0131karmak yani k\u00f6m\u00fcr madencili\u011fi diye bir\u015fey yoktu ve \u0130ngiltere topraklar\u0131 alt\u0131nda yatan zengin k\u00f6m\u00fcr yataklar\u0131ndan kimsenin haberi yoktu.<\/p>\n

K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn yanmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan duman ve zehirli gaz, i\u015flerinde k\u00f6m\u00fcr kullanan tu\u011fla<\/a> yap\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131, demircileri ve cam<\/a>c\u0131lar\u0131 hasta ediyordu. Bu hastal\u0131klardan korunmak i\u00e7in duman\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7ekip atan bacal\u0131 f\u0131r\u0131nlar yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngilizler b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte k\u00f6m\u00fcr \u00e7\u0131karmaya ancak 1700\u2019lerde ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1735\u2019de Abraham Darby k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn f\u0131r\u0131nda pi\u015firilmesiyle, demir cevherinin eritilmesi sayesinde \u00e7elik<\/a> elde edilmesinde kullan\u0131labilen bir madde olan kok (charcoal) k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ke\u015ffetti.\u00a0Kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcne kadar \u00e7elik imalat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131,\u00a0 odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kok k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bulunu\u015fu, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc elde etmek i\u00e7in a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n kesilmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

Abraham Darby’nin bulu\u015fundan yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 y\u0131l sonra, \u0130sko\u00e7yal\u0131 James Watt, modern buharl makinesi<\/a>ni geli\u015ftirdi.\u00a0Sanayi buhar makinesinin icad\u0131 ile\u00a0 art\u0131k insan, hayvan, su veya r\u00fczg\u00e2r g\u00fcc\u00fcne ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmayan bir makineye sahipti. Buhar makinesinin icad\u0131ndan sonra k\u00f6m\u00fcre olan talep artt\u0131. Artan k\u00f6m\u00fcr talebi nedeniyle k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn kaz\u0131larak yer alt\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yeralt\u0131nda bulunan k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in bir \u00e7ok ki\u015fi giri\u015fimde bulundu. Ancak kaz\u0131lan t\u00fcnelleri su bas\u0131nca t\u00fcnellerde bo\u011fularak \u00f6len insanlar oldu. Yine buhar makinesi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve madenlerdeki suyu d\u0131\u015far\u0131 atmay\u0131 sa\u011flayan pompalar icat edildi. Pompa<\/a>lar sayesinde, i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken maden<\/a> ocaklar\u0131nda su basmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n

Watt\u2019\u0131n buhar motoru<\/a> sayesinde modern k\u00f6m\u00fcr sanayisi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. 1854 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin bir y\u0131lda \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr 65 milyon tona ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bile.<\/p>\n

Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131nda k\u00f6m\u00fcr sanayii, \u0130ngiltereye oranla \u00e7ok daha yava\u015f ilerliyordu. Amerika\u2019da kurulan ilk fabrikalar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, su ve ormanlar\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu New England eyaletinde kurulmu\u015ftu.\u00a0\u00a0Amerika’n\u0131n ke\u015ffi<\/a>nden \u00f6nce yerlilerin \u00e7anak \u00e7\u00f6mleklerini pi\u015firmek i\u00e7in k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kulland\u0131lar\u0131 bilinmektedir. Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi<\/a>nden sonra buraya gelenler, \u0131rmak k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda siyah ta\u015flar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fler fakat bir yak\u0131t oldu\u011funun fark\u0131na varamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. G\u00f6rd\u00fckleri siyah ta\u015flar\u0131 yeni d\u00fcnya<\/a>‘n\u0131n bir g\u00fczelli\u011fi olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Amerikaya ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen g\u00f6\u00e7lerden sonra insanlar k\u0131tan\u0131n bir\u00e7ok\u00a0b\u00f6lgesine yay\u0131ld\u0131lar. Tar\u0131mla u\u011fra\u015fan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin baz\u0131lar\u0131n arazilerinde bulunan k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u0131s\u0131nmada kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u0130htiya\u00e7 fazlas\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc kom\u015fular\u0131na ve demircilere satmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ticari faaliyetler g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1750 y\u0131l\u0131nda Virginia\u2019daki Richmond yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck ticari k\u00f6m\u00fcr madeni a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. K\u00f6m\u00fcr hemen y\u00fczeyden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131yor ve yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki cephane yapan bir fabrikaya g\u00f6nderiliyordu.\u00a0O y\u0131llarda Amerika\u2019da ormanlar hala \u00e7ok olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 y\u00fcz y\u0131l kadar Amerikal\u0131lar k\u00f6m\u00fcre b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ihtiya\u00e7 duymad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

1800\u2019lerin ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru, sanayile\u015fme ve \u00f6zellikle demiryolu giderek \u00f6nem kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Vagonlar\u0131 \u00e7eken lokomotifleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in k\u00f6m\u00fcre olan ihtiya\u00e7 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Demiryolu a\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeyi sarmaya ba\u015flad\u0131k\u00e7a k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u015fka yerlere ta\u015f\u0131ma imkanlar\u0131 da artt\u0131. 1900 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yaln\u0131zca demiryollar\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcketilen k\u00f6m\u00fcr miktar\u0131 y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 75 milyon tona eri\u015fti. Evlerde ocak ve \u015f\u00f6minelerde de k\u00f6m\u00fcr kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk zamanlar \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerden ve t\u00fcccarlardan olu\u015fan ABD, demiryollar\u0131, demir \u00e7elik fabrikalar\u0131 ve di\u011fer fabrikalar\u0131n artmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yla art\u0131k bir sanayi \u00fclkesi oldu.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiyede \u0130lk K\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc Kim Buldu<\/h2>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk k\u00f6m\u00fcr yata\u011f\u0131, 1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sultan II Mahmud zaman\u0131nda Uzun Mehmet<\/strong> adl\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk<\/strong> denizci asker taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu k\u00f6m\u00fcr yata\u011f\u0131\u00a0Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Ere\u011fli\u2019den \u0130nebolu\u2019ya kadar uzanan 180 km. uzunlu\u011funda, 50 km. geni\u015fli\u011finde bir alan\u0131 kaplamaktad\u0131r. Buradan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan ilk k\u00f6m\u00fcrler donanman\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1893 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra yeni k\u00f6m\u00fcr ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00fcretim \u00e7o\u011falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 devleti k\u00f6m\u00fcr madenlerini verimli bir \u015fekilde kullanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Cumhuriyet’in kurulmas\u0131<\/a>ndan sonra 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Medeni Kanun, madenlerin i\u015fletilmesi konusunda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ve yenilikler getirmi\u015ftir. 1935 y\u0131l\u0131nda Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra madencilikte ciddi ilerlemeler kaydedilmi\u015ftir. 1961 Anayasas\u0131<\/a>, madenlerin i\u015fletilmesi hakk\u0131n\u0131 belirli \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda \u00f6zel giri\u015fimcilere ve yabanc\u0131 sermayeye tan\u0131ma h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda Maden k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ocaklar\u0131 hem \u00f6zel kurulu\u015flar hem de devlet taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilmektedir. \u00d6zellikle son y\u0131llarda yap\u0131lan \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmelerle Devlet k\u00f6m\u00fcr madeni i\u015fletmecili\u011finden tamamen \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

K\u00f6m\u00fcr kalorifer veya soba ile evlerin \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda, sanayide y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar gereken i\u015flerde k\u00f6m\u00fcr kazanlar\u0131nda, tar\u0131mda ise seralar\u0131n \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikler do\u011falgaz, gazya\u011f\u0131, benzin ve mazot gibi di\u011fer yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yayg\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9032,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[3101,1056],"class_list":["post-9031","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-komur","tag-maden"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9031"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9031"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9031\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12122,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9031\/revisions\/12122"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9032"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}