Alfred Nobel 1833\u00a0 – 1896 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u0130sve\u00e7li kimyager ve m\u00fchendistir. Dinamitin mucidi ve vasiyeti ile ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nobel \u00d6d\u00fclleri’nin sahibidir. Miras\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 bu \u00f6d\u00fcllerin ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve vasiyeti ile Nobel \u00d6d\u00fcllerini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nobel \u00d6d\u00fclleri bilim, edebiyat ve bar\u0131\u015f konular\u0131nda olup her y\u0131l verilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Alfred Nobel \u0130sve\u00e7’ te 21 Ekim 1833′ te do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Varl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ailesi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kendisi d\u00fcnyaya geldi\u011finde ailesi iflas durumundayd\u0131. Annesi ve babas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a yarat\u0131c\u0131 ve giri\u015fimciydi. Mucit olan babas\u0131 patlay\u0131c\u0131lar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde may\u0131n satarak zengin olan babas\u0131 sava\u015f bitince iflas etmi\u015fti.\u00a0Alfred’in karde\u015fleri Ludvig ve Robert ev ekonomisine katk\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in sokaklarda kibrit sat\u0131yorlard\u0131.\u00a0Alfred d\u00f6rt ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u0130sve\u00e7’ ten Finlandiya’ ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131lar. Orada da arad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulamayan Nobel ailesi\u00a01842 y\u0131l\u0131nda eski Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin St. Petersburg \u015fehrine yerle\u015fti. Babas\u0131 ise k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir at\u00f6lye kurarak ilgi duydu\u011fu patlay\u0131c\u0131 ve silahlar \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmaya ve annesi de bir bakkal d\u00fckkan\u0131 i\u015fletmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Yeni kurulan at\u00f6lyede i\u015fler yoluna girmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve aile yeniden ekonomik olarak toparlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0Alfred, bu d\u00f6nemde 9 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Babas\u0131\u00a0K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Sovyet ordusu i\u00e7in may\u0131n \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 tekrar zengin bir i\u015f adam\u0131 oldu. Nobel ailesi tekrar varl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00fcnlerine geri d\u00f6n\u00fcnce\u00a0Alfred’ e \u00f6zel \u00f6\u011fretmenler tutarak e\u011fitim vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
Dil – edebiyat alanlar\u0131nda kendini geli\u015ftirip hen\u00fcz 17 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken \u0130sve\u00e7\u00e7e, Rus\u00e7a, Frans\u0131zca, \u0130ngilizce ve Almanca’y\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi bir seviyede konu\u015fabiliyordu. Alfred asl\u0131nda yazar olmak istiyordu, \u0130ngilizceyi iyi \u00f6\u011frenince Shakespeare’in oyunlar\u0131na hayran olmu\u015ftu ve\u00a0 Percy Shelley’den etkilenerek \u015fiir yazmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Baba Immanuel Nobel, i\u015f ahlak\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir savunucusuydu ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na gelecekteki ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve \u00f6zveriyle kurabileceklerini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. Bu \u015fekilde e\u011fitildiler ve her g\u00fcn uzun saatler \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Baz\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar bu \u015fekildeki bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda kendini k\u00f6t\u00fc hissedebilirdi fakat\u00a0Alfred \u00f6\u011frenmeyi \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu durum onu daha fazla te\u015fvik etti. Immanuel Nobel, Alfred’ in\u00a0\u015fiir ve edebiyata olan ilgisinden uzakla\u015f\u0131p m\u00fchendis olmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyordu. O y\u00fczden hemen kimya e\u011fitimi i\u00e7in yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6nderdi.\u00a0\u0130ki y\u0131l boyunca Amerika, Fransa, Almanya ve \u0130sve\u00e7’ te bulundu.<\/p>\n
Alfred, Paris’ teyken \u00fcnl\u00fc kimyager Theophile Jules Pelouze\u2019 nin laboratuvar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Laboratuvarda 3 y\u0131l \u00f6nce nitrogliserini bulan \u0130talyan kimyager Ascanio Sobrero ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Beraber\u00a0nitrogliserin \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131lar.\u00a0Nitrogliserin, baruttan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir madde oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in ve bas\u0131nc\u0131n, s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisi ile kolayca patlamas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sorundu. Nobel uzun s\u00fcre nitrogliserini kontroll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde patlatman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 arad\u0131. O s\u0131rada 25 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan Alfred Nobel, 1852 y\u0131l\u0131nda ailesi taraf\u0131ndan St. Petersburg\u2019 a \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f’ \u0131n\u0131n bitmesinden dolay\u0131 babas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fleri k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra aile ikinci iflas\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f oldu. \u0130\u015fleri bozulan baba, o\u011fullar\u0131 Alfred ve Emil ile birlikte Stockholm\u2019e d\u00f6nd\u00fc.\u00a0Alfred Nobel, 1863 y\u0131l\u0131nda Stockholm\u2019 de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etti. Nitrogliserin \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 deneylerin birinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir patlama ya\u015fand\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 laboratuvar y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131. Ya\u015fanan bu k\u00f6t\u00fc patlamada k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fi Emil ile birlikte 4 ki\u015fi daha hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. \u00d6l\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7lanan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonras\u0131nda Stockholm\u2019 de patlay\u0131c\u0131lar ile ilgili bu tarz ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yasakland\u0131. Her\u015feye ra\u011fmen Alfred Nobel, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ara vermeden devam etti. B\u00fct\u00fcn amac\u0131 patlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n ve \u00f6zellikle de nitrogliserinin\u00a0g\u00fcvenli \u00fcretimi ve kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekti.<\/p>\n
Nobel 1863′ te dinamiti icat etti ve 1865′ te dinamit patlatma kapa\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u00a0tasarlad\u0131.<\/p>\n
1863 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0az miktarda nitrogliserin yapmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Nitrogliserinin pratik kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n sonucunu ald\u0131 ve dinamit barutunu yapt\u0131. \u0130cat etti\u011fi yeni patlay\u0131c\u0131ya Yunanca\u00a0 g\u00fc\u00e7 anlam\u0131na gelen ”dynamis”\u00a0<\/em>kelimesinden gelen dinamit ad\u0131n\u0131 koydu.\u00a0Kontrol edilemeyen ve bir\u00e7ok kazaya – \u00f6l\u00fcme sebep olan patlamalar nihayet kontrol edilebilir seviyeye gelmi\u015fti. Bu durum onun Avrupa da\u00a0\u201cdinamit kral\u0131\u201dolarak tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu ke\u015ffinin asl\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ama\u00e7larla kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na inanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Dinamitim, daha \u00f6nce binlerce d\u00fcnya s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden daha fazla bar\u0131\u015fa yol a\u00e7acak.\u00a0\u0130nsanlar bir anda b\u00fct\u00fcn ordular\u0131n tamamen yok edilebilece\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr g\u00f6rmez, kesinlikle alt\u0131n de\u011ferindeki bar\u0131\u015fa uyacakt\u0131r.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n \u0130\u015fleri giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcnce bir fabrika kuran Nobel 1867 y\u0131l\u0131nda buldu\u011fu maddeye \u201cdinamit\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 vererek patentini ald\u0131. Bu dinamitleri s\u0131ral\u0131 \u00e7ubuk haline getirip patlatabilmek i\u00e7in ate\u015f alabilen bir ba\u015fl\u0131k daha tasarlad\u0131 buna da; patlatma kapa\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131 verildi. Yap\u0131lan bu ke\u015fifler sonras\u0131nda\u00a0Paris \u015fehrinin yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Servan\u2019 da bir laboratuvar kurdu. Bu\u00a0laboratuvarda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda nitrogliserin ile nitrosel\u00fclozun e\u015fit miktarda kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan olu\u015fan \u201citici barut\u201d u buldu. Ke\u015ffedilen bu yeni patlay\u0131c\u0131 sistem \u00f6zellikle madencilik alan\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f oldu. Maden yataklar\u0131nda daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Barajlar, yollar, t\u00fcneller gibi daha bir\u00e7ok alanda dinamitler seri olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n Nobel,\u00a0 \u201ckordit\u201c adl\u0131 bir patlay\u0131c\u0131 nedeniyle \u0130ngiliz H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile daval\u0131k oldu. H\u00fck\u00fcmet aleyhine a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu davay\u0131 kaybetti. T\u00fcm bu ya\u015fananlardan dolay\u0131 Paris’ ten ayr\u0131lmak zorunda kald\u0131. Laboratuvar\u0131n\u0131 da\u00a0 \u0130talya\u2019 n\u0131n San Remo kentine ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019 nde ya\u015fayan a\u011fabeyleri Ludvig ve Robert, Nobel in buldu\u011fu dinamit sistemleriyle Kafkaslar\u2019da petrol yataklar\u0131 ke\u015ffettiler.\u00a0 Ayn\u0131 zamanda Nobel’ in 20 farkl\u0131 \u00fclkede silah ve patlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00fcretimi yapan \u015firketleri vard\u0131.\u00a0Bu d\u00f6nemde aile \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir servete sahip oldu.<\/p>\n 1888 tarihinde karde\u015fi Ludvig’ in hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesi ve gazetelerin yanl\u0131\u015f haber al\u0131p Alfredin Nobel’ in \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrek ”\u00a0\u0130nsanlar\u0131 hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar h\u0131zl\u0131ca \u00f6ld\u00fcrmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 bularak zengin olan Dr. Alfred Nobel d\u00fcn \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/em>‘ ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131lar. Haber her ne kadar yanl\u0131\u015f olsa da kendisi \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra bu \u015fekilde hat\u0131rlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u00e7sel s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Patlay\u0131c\u0131lar \u00fczerine olan ke\u015fifleri insanlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olmas\u0131 ve sava\u015flarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 hayat\u0131n\u0131n son zamanlar\u0131na kadar hep \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc hissederek ya\u015fad\u0131.\u00a0 \u0130\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu duygular\u0131n \u00fczerine b\u00fct\u00fcn servetini insanl\u0131\u011fa hizmet eden ki\u015filere ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamak istedi. Hi\u00e7 evlenmeyen Alfred Nobel vasiyetini de bunun \u00fczerine yazd\u0131. Hatta bir s\u00f6z\u00fcnde<\/p>\n Ard\u0131mdan b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m gayrimenkuller ve servetimin tamam\u0131, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Kapital, emniyetli bir \u015fekilde fonda toplanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu fonun geliri her y\u0131l insanl\u0131\u011fa en b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmeti yapan ki\u015filere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r\u2026 En b\u00fcy\u00fck ve kesin arzum m\u00fck\u00e2fatlar adaylara da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rken kesinlikle milliyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmamas\u0131d\u0131r. En m\u00fchimi, m\u00fck\u00e2fat\u0131 alacak \u015fah\u0131s bir \u0130skandinavyal\u0131 olabilir veya olmayabilir de\u2026<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n demi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u00d6ncesinde bu durum olduk\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da\u00a01900 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130sve\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan Nobel Vakf\u0131\u00a0 kuruldu. Serveti vasiyeti \u00fczerine her y\u0131l insanl\u0131\u011fa hizmet eden bilim insanlar\u0131na \u00f6d\u00fcl olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Servetinden\u00a0her y\u0131l yakla\u015f\u0131k 14,5 milyon T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131 de\u011ferinde para insanl\u0131\u011fa hizmet eden bilim insanlar\u0131na da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6d\u00fcller her y\u0131l vefat etti\u011fi 10 Aral\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fcnde verilmektedir. Fizik, kimya, t\u0131p, edebiyat ve bar\u0131\u015f olmak \u00fczere 5 dalda \u00f6d\u00fcl verilmektedir. 6. dal olan Ekonomi dal\u0131ndaki ilk Nobel \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc ise 1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda verildi.<\/p>\n Alfred Nobel, beyin kanamas\u0131 sonucu\u00a010 Aral\u0131k 1896 tarihinde San Remo\u2019da hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. \u00d6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde 63 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Hi\u00e7 evlenmeyen Nobel\u00a0son y\u0131llar\u0131nda hep bulu\u015flar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00f6len insanlar\u0131n \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ve pi\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131.<\/p>\n Ard\u0131mdan b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m gayrimenkul ve servetimin tamam\u0131, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Kapital, emniyetli bir \u015fekilde fon’da toplanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu fon’un geliri her y\u0131l insanl\u0131\u011fa en b\u00fcy\u00fck hizmeti yapan ki\u015filere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu gelir be\u015f ana b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131lmal\u0131 ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir k\u0131s\u0131m fizik sahas\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015ffi yapan ki\u015fiye verilmelidir. Bir k\u0131s\u0131m kimya sahas\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015ffi yapan ki\u015fiye verilmelidir. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 fizyoloji ya da t\u0131p alan\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u015ffi yapan ki\u015fiye verilmelidir. Bir k\u0131s\u0131m edebiyat sahas\u0131nda en b\u00fcy\u00fck eseri yazan ki\u015fiye verilmelidir. Bir k\u0131s\u0131m milletleraras\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f ve karde\u015flik i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 yapan ki\u015fiye verilmelidir. Fizik ve kimya konusundaki ke\u015fifler,\u00a0\u0130sve\u00e7\u00a0ilim konseyince de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. T\u0131p konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar Stockholm’deki\u00a0Caroline Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Edebiyat ve bar\u0131\u015f konusundaki m\u00fckafatlar\u00a0Norve\u00e7 parlementosu\u00a0taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen be\u015f ki\u015filik bir heyet taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. En b\u00fcy\u00fck ve kesin arzum m\u00fckafatlar adaylara da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rken kesinlikle milliyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmamas\u0131d\u0131r. En m\u00fchimi, m\u00fckafat\u0131 alacak \u015fah\u0131s bir \u0130skandinavyal\u0131 da olabilir, olmayabilir de.<\/em><\/p>\n 27 Kas\u0131m 1895, Alfred Bernard\u00a0Nobel…<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Alfred Nobel 1833\u00a0 – 1896 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u0130sve\u00e7li kimyager ve m\u00fchendistir. Dinamitin mucidi ve vasiyeti ile ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nobel \u00d6d\u00fclleri’nin sahibidir. Miras\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 bu \u00f6d\u00fcllerin ba\u015flat\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12386,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3117],"tags":[1439,1103,1438],"class_list":["post-9065","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-insanlari","tag-alfred-nobel","tag-dinamit","tag-nitrogliserin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9065"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9065"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9065\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12388,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9065\/revisions\/12388"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12386"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9065"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9065"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9065"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Karde\u015fini \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc,\u00a0vasiyeti ve Nobel \u00d6d\u00fclleri<\/h3>\n
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Alfred Nobel’in \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/h3>\n
Alfred Nobel’in Vasiyeti<\/h4>\n