M\u00fchendisler, uygulama, d\u00fczenleme, g\u00fcvenlik ve maliyet gibi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 dikkate alarak, hedefleri ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 yerine getirmek i\u00e7in tasarlayan, analiz ve test yapan, makineler, sistemler, yap\u0131lar, ara\u00e7lar ve malzemeler yapan ve icat eden,\u00a0 insanlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M\u00fchendislik faaliyeti; matematik, fizik, kimya gibi pozitif bilimlerin, reel insan ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya y\u00f6nelik eserler ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in sistemli bir \u015fekilde uygulanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Modern \u00e7a\u011fda insan ihitya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 uzay, genetik, biyonik, mekatronik, sistem ve end\u00fcstri gibi yeni m\u00fchendislik\u00a0 dallar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk insanlar kasnak, kald\u0131ra\u00e7 ve tekerlek gibi temel icatlar\u0131 tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fchendislik kavram\u0131 \u00e7ok eski zamanlardan beri var olmu\u015ftur. M\u00fchendisler, eski \u00e7a\u011flarda m\u00fchendisler genel olarak in\u015faat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Bilinen ilk in\u015faat m\u00fchendisi<\/strong>, M\u0131s\u0131rda yer alan Saqqara<\/strong> piramidinin\u00a0in\u015faas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6neten, firavun Djoser<\/strong>‘in ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Imhotep <\/strong>dir. M. \u00f6. 2500 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Eski m\u0131s\u0131rda, Uni<\/strong> ad\u0131ndaki bir m\u00fchendisin, Nil nehrinin giri\u015finde gemiler i\u00e7in bir ge\u00e7it a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131, hiyerogliflerden \u00f6\u011frenilmektedir. Askeri m\u00fchendislik alan\u0131 ise, M.\u00d6. 1000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Asur Medeniyetinde do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Kale duvarlar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in yeni sistemler geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Kale kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yal\u0131kan Ko\u00e7ba\u015f\u0131<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen ilk sava\u015f makinesi ve m\u00fchendislik \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Asur Medeniyeti<\/strong>‘nin eseridir.<\/p>\n Antik Yunanistan\u2019da, fizik biliminin ilerlemesi ve teknik alanlara uygulanmas\u0131, m\u00fchendisli\u011fin geli\u015fmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ft\u0131r. Arkhitekton<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0130ngilizce’deki Architecture<\/em>\u00a0kelimesi buradan t\u00fcremi\u015ftir) ad\u0131 verilen ki\u015filer in\u015faatlar\u0131n projelerini \u00e7iziyor ve plana g\u00f6re in\u015faat\u0131n yap\u0131m i\u015flerini y\u00f6netiyorlard\u0131. Arkhitekton olan ki\u015fi arazi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc ve de\u011ferlendirmesi, mekanik ve in\u015faat bilgilerine sahipti. Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc Arkhitekton\u2019lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Mnesikles<\/strong> ve \u0130ktinos<\/strong> \u00f6rnek verilebilir.<\/p>\n \u0130lk k\u00f6pr\u00fc in\u015faat\u0131 Antik Yunanistan\u2019da yap\u0131lan Samos k\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Miletos\u2019lu Hippodamos<\/strong>, \u015fehircili\u011fin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc say\u0131labilir. Archimedes<\/strong>, hidrostati\u011fi ve uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131, Eron<\/strong> ise arazi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ve galeri planlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n Antik Roma\u2019da, arazi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fcleri (Agrimensores), geometriciler (mensores) ve yol in\u015faat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 (viarum curatores)\u00a0 ve bunlar\u0131n y\u00f6neticisi olan Architectus’lar bulunuyordu. Architectus<\/strong>\u2019un, astronomi, tarih, hukuk, matematik ve felsefe bilmesi, teorik ve pratik bilgilere ayn\u0131 derecede hakim olmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. M\u00fchendislik tarihi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Romal\u0131lar\u0131n statik bilgilerinde \u00e7ok ileri oldu\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile halen ayakta olan bir \u00e7ok yap\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1100 y\u0131l\u0131na do\u011fru Su ve yel de\u011firmenleri gibi yeni bir icatlar<\/a> meydana geldi. De\u011firmen ta\u015f\u0131, h\u0131zar ve iplik makinesi gibi mekanik sistemleri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bu de\u011firmenlerden yararlan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n R\u00f6nesans D\u00f6nemi’nde, sanat\u00e7\u0131, mimar ve m\u00fchendis \u00fcnvanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fczerinde ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00fcst\u00fcn yetenekli Leonardo da Vinci <\/strong>m\u00fchendislikle ilgili\u00a05 000 sayfadan fazla yaz\u0131l\u0131 eser b\u0131rakt\u0131.\u00a0Bu devirde, metal\u00fcrji ve hidrolikte ilerlemeler oldu, ayr\u0131ca matbaan\u0131n icad\u0131<\/a> ile bilgi daha fazla insana ula\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.\u00a0Hidroli\u011fin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc Hollanda oldu\u011fu halde, en b\u00fcy\u00fck hidrolik tesisler Fransa ve \u0130talya\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Frans\u0131z m\u00fchendisli\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir devredir: 1716\u2019da “Corps des Ponts et Chauss\u00e9es” kurularak, mimar ve m\u00fchendis ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Thomas Savery<\/strong> ve Thomas Newcomen<\/strong>, ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcrle \u0131s\u0131t\u0131lan suyun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 buharla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan pompay\u0131 buldular. James Watt<\/strong>, kondans\u00f6rl\u00fc ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 buhar makinesini icat etti<\/a>. 1782\u2019de Jonathan Carter Hornblower<\/strong>, \u00e7ok silindrili buhar makinesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n XIX. yy., \u0130ngiltere\u2019de Vivian, Richard Trevithick, John Blenkinsop ve \u00f6zellikle George Stephenson\u2019un \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yle do\u011fan demiryolu m\u00fchendisli\u011finin de en parlak devri oldu. \u0130ngiliz m\u00fchendisli\u011finin di\u011fer ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, 1860-1898 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Londra metrosu, Thames nehri alt\u0131nda in\u015fa edilen t\u00fcnel (1825-1834), M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki Assuan bendi (1898-1902) ve demir k\u00f6pr\u00fcler say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n Metal\u00fcrji alan\u0131nda 19, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en \u00f6nemli olay\u0131, Bessemer ve Thomas\u2019\u0131n \u00e7eli\u011fi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme usulleri ile Siemens \u2013 Martin y\u00f6ntemi olarak bilinen d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme sisteminin bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Fransa\u2019da Gustave Eiffel<\/strong>, yap\u0131larda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 sistem olarak \u00e7eli\u011fin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti: 1889\u2019da tamamlanan Eiffel Kulesi<\/strong>, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131s\u0131 oldu. \u0130talya\u2019da Moncenisio da\u011f t\u00fcneli (1852 -1871) ile Sempione da\u011f t\u00fcneli (1898-1905), M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da S\u00fcvey\u015f Kanal\u0131 (1869), 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck in\u015faatlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Amerikan m\u00fchendisli\u011fi, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren geli\u015fme\u011fe ba\u015flad\u0131. Amerika’n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck rakibi olan Sovyetler Birli\u011finde m\u00fchendisli\u011finin ve teknolojisinin geli\u015fmesi de, bu h\u0131zlanman\u0131n etkenlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Amerika\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck teknik sorunu ula\u015f\u0131md\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden, m\u00fchendislik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, k\u00f6pr\u00fcler, kanallar ve demiryollar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131. Ula\u015ft\u0131rma ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u0131z sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yle, daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc buhar makineleri yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n Amerikan m\u00fchendislik tarihinin en \u00e7ok etkileyen madenciliktir. Alt\u0131na h\u00fccum, maden ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131n ilerlemesine ve i\u015fletme y\u00f6ntemlerinin geli\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Arizona\u2019da, John Parke Channing<\/strong>\u2019in (1863-1942) \u00e7abalar\u0131yla kar\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ay\u0131rmak i\u00e7in y\u00fczd\u00fcrme metodu uygulanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 (1906). Petrole h\u00fccum, Kuzeybat\u0131 Pennsylvania\u2019da Titusville yak\u0131n\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131. Petrolc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc 1859\u2019da ilk petrol<\/strong> <\/a>sanayii i\u015fletmesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren Edwin Laurentine Drake<\/a>\u2019<\/strong>dir.<\/p>\n 18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerin bilim adamlar\u0131<\/a> (Galvani<\/a>, Franklin, Coulomb, Volta, Oersted, Henry, Amp\u00e8re, Faraday<\/a>, Wheatstone, Ohm<\/strong>) elektrotekni\u011fin temel prensiplerini ve kanunlar\u0131n\u0131 buldular. \u0130leti\u015fim alan\u0131nda ilk ad\u0131m telgraf<\/a> oldu: 24 may\u0131s 1844\u2019te Samuel Morse<\/a>, Baltimore ile Washington aras\u0131nda ilk \u00fcnl\u00fc mesaj\u0131n\u0131 iletti. 1851\u2019de ilk telgraf hatt\u0131 Calais ile Dover aras\u0131nda hizmete girdi. 1876\u2019da Philadelphia sergisinde, telefon<\/a> ilk defa halka tan\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Ertesi y\u0131l Thomas Edison<\/a>, icat etti\u011fi gramofonun<\/a> patentini ald\u0131. \u0130talyan fizik\u00e7isi Antonio Pacinotti, d\u00f6ner halkal\u0131 elektrik makinesini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. 1869\u2019da Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 elektrik<\/a> m\u00fchendisi Gramme, bir do\u011fru ak\u0131m \u00fcretecini icat etti. \u0130lk dinamolar<\/a> galvanoplastide, daha sonra Davy\u2019nin 1809\u2019da icat etti\u011fi arkl\u0131 lambada kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Elektrik ampul\u00fc<\/a>n\u00fcn 1878\u2019de Edison taraf\u0131ndan icad\u0131ndan sonra, elektrikle ayd\u0131nlatma yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Elektrik enerjisi<\/a> termik enerjinin yerini alma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Do\u011fru ak\u0131mla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ilk elektrikli lokomotif<\/a> 1879\u2019da Almanya\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131. Alternatif ak\u0131m\u0131n ayd\u0131nlatmada kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ilk \u00e7al\u015fmalar, Massachusetts\u2019de Great Barrington\u2019da (1886) ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Alternatif ak\u0131ml\u0131 ilk hidroelektrik santral, Niagara \u00e7a\u011flayan\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan enerjiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 (1895).<\/p>\n Otomobilin<\/a> sanayi alan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131m tekni\u011finde devrim yaratm\u0131\u015f, yol yap\u0131m\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmeler olmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca otomobil<\/a> sanayii, yeni sanayilerin de do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ftr.\u00a0Motor sanayiinde i\u00e7ten yanmal\u0131 motorlar, tepkili motorlar, buhar ve gaz t\u00fcrbinleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta geli\u015fti.<\/p>\n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda teknoloji h\u0131zla artan bir tempo ile geli\u015fti. M\u00fchendislikte yeni teknikler ve yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alanlar\u0131 do\u011fdu. Yap\u0131larda \u00e7imento, \u00e7elik ve al\u00fcminyum b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kullan\u0131lma\u011fa ba\u015fland\u0131; betonarme yap\u0131lar ald\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc.<\/p>\n \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra, elektronik, makine teknolojisi (otomasyon\u2019un do\u011fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131), petrokimya, havac\u0131l\u0131k, n\u00fckleer m\u00fchendislik, uzay \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve atom m\u00fchendisli\u011finde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fmeler oldu; plastik maddeler ve radyo<\/a> \u2013 televizyon<\/a> yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00c7e\u015fitli makineler ve sistemler aras\u0131nda ortak ilkeleri bilmek ve koordine edebilmek i\u00e7in \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra yeni m\u00fchendislik dallar\u0131 do\u011fdu. Fizik, kimya, matematik ilkelerinin koordine uygulan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc olan m\u00fchendislik, insan hayat\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine, yeni teknik bilgilerle d\u00f6nmektedir.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de M\u00fchendislik Sel\u00e7uklular Zaman\u0131nda Ba\u015flad\u0131. Sel\u00e7uklular, Anadolu\u2019ya yerle\u015fme\u011fe ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra (1071) bu topraklara kendi din ve geleneklerine uygun bir bi\u00e7im verdiler. Ordular i\u00e7in k\u0131\u015flalar, halk i\u00e7in evler, cami ve mescitler, hasta haneler, k\u00f6pr\u00fc ve yollar yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar bir yandan yeni \u015fehirler, bir yandan da h\u0131ristiyan, musev\u00ee \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun bulundu\u011fu yerlerde yeni t\u00fcrk mahalleleri kurdular. Bu d\u00f6nemde b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131larda m\u00fchendislik g\u00f6revini de mimarlar yap\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma hareketleriyle birlikte Osmanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funda M\u00fchendishanei Berr\u00eei H\u00fcmayun, M\u00fchendishanei Sultan\u00ee, M\u00fchendishanei Bahr\u00eei H\u00fcmayun, Hendese-i M\u00fclkiye mektebi, M\u00fchendis mektebi gibi m\u00fchendis ve mimar yeti\u015ftiren okullar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde m\u00fchendis yeti\u015ftiren \u0130stanbul Teknik \u00fcniversitesi, Ortado\u011fu Teknik \u00dcniversitesi, Karadeniz Teknik \u00fcniversitesi gibi\u00a0 bir\u00e7ok teknik e\u011fitim kurumu faaliyete ge\u00e7ti<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlan i\u00e7inde meslek ve sanat\u0131n\u0131 icraya kanunen yetkili olarak meslek\u00ee faaliyette bulunan sivil ve asker\u00ee y\u00fcksek m\u00fchendis, y\u00fcksek mimar, m\u00fchendis ve mimarlar\u0131 b\u00fcnyesi i\u00e7inde toplayan, t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip meslek kurulu\u015fudur. Birli\u011fin merkezi Ankara\u2019dad\u0131r. Birli\u011fe \u00fcye odalar \u015funlard\u0131r: Elektrik M\u00fchendisleri, Fizik M\u00fchendisleri, Gemi Makine \u0130\u015fletme M\u00fchendisleri, Gemi \u0130n\u015fa M\u00fchendisleri, Harita M\u00fchendisleri, \u0130n\u015faat M\u00fchendisleri, Kimya M\u00fchendisleri, Maden M\u00fchendisleri, Metal\u00fcrji M\u00fchendisleri, Makine M\u00fchendisleri, Meteoroloji M\u00fchendisleri, Orman M\u00fchendisleri, Petrol M\u00fchendisleri, Tekstil M\u00fchendisleri, Ziraat M\u00fchendisleri odalar\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" M\u00fchendisler, uygulama, d\u00fczenleme, g\u00fcvenlik ve maliyet gibi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 dikkate alarak, hedefleri ve ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 yerine getirmek i\u00e7in tasarlayan, analiz ve test yapan, makineler, sistemler, yap\u0131lar, ara\u00e7lar ve malzemeler yapan ve…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9387,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[317],"tags":[3102],"class_list":["post-9118","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-is-dunyasi","tag-muhendis"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9118"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9118"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9118\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12351,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9118\/revisions\/12351"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9387"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9118"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9118"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9118"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}R\u00f6nesans D\u00f6nemi<\/h3>\n
\nAyn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngiliz m\u00fchendisli\u011fi, frans\u0131z m\u00fchendisli\u011fiyle baz\u0131 noktalarda ortak, baz\u0131 noktalarda farkl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterdi. \u0130ngiltere\u2019de mimar, her zaman in\u015faat m\u00fchendisinden ay\u0131rt edildi. \u0130ngiliz m\u00fchendisli\u011fi, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, kanal ve su tesisleri yap\u0131m\u0131 ile \u00f6zellikle mekanik ve metal\u00fcrji alanlar\u0131nda geli\u015fti. 1770\u2019te ilk yar\u0131 mekanik, 1785\u2019te de ilk mekanik pamuk dokuma makinesi yap\u0131ld\u0131. Demir-\u00c7elik \u00fcretimi sanayile\u015fti: Abraham Darby<\/strong> (1677-1717), John Wilkinson<\/strong> (1728-1808) ve Henry Cort<\/strong> (1740-1800), ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn<\/a> dam\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131yle elde edilen kok ile beslenen y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131nlarda d\u00f6k\u00fcmc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc geli\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de M\u00fchendislik<\/h3>\n
M\u00fchendis ve Mimar Odalar\u0131 birli\u011fi (1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda 6235 Say\u0131l\u0131 kanunla kuruldu)<\/h4>\n