{"id":9223,"date":"2018-09-27T22:04:20","date_gmt":"2018-09-27T20:04:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=9223"},"modified":"2018-09-27T22:04:20","modified_gmt":"2018-09-27T20:04:20","slug":"john-napier-kimdir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=9223","title":{"rendered":"John Napier kimdir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

John Napier, matematiksel hesaplamalara yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan logaritman\u0131n icad\u0131yla<\/a> tan\u0131nan \u00fcnl\u00fc bir \u0130sko\u00e7 matematik\u00e7iydi.\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca ondal\u0131k notasyonu geli\u015ftirdi ve ondal\u0131k noktay\u0131 ortak kullan\u0131ma getirme konusunda \u00f6nc\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0Analog bilgisayarlar\u0131n ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc hesap cetvellerinin\u00a0 geli\u015ftirilmesine \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden bir mekanik hesaplama cihaz\u0131 icat etti.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuklu\u011fu ve E\u011fitimi<\/h3>\n

John Napier 1 \u015eubat’ta 1550’de Edinburgh, \u0130sko\u00e7ya’da varl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ailede do\u011fdu. Babas\u0131 Sir Archibald Napier’d\u0131. \u00c7ok zeki bir \u00e7ocuktu ve 1563 y\u0131l\u0131nda on \u00fc\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken St. Andrews \u00dcniversitesi’ne kabul edildi. St Salvator Koleji’nde yat\u0131l\u0131 kalmaya ve \u00fcniversite e\u011fitimine devam etti. \u00dcniversitenin m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc John Rutherford, ki\u015fisel olarak John Napier bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlendi. Yine burada\u00a0St Andrews’dayken, teolojiyle ilgilenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131, hayat\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131 boyunca da bu ilgisi devam etti.<\/p>\n

John’un St. Andrews \u00dcniversitesi’nden mezun oldu\u011funa dair bir kan\u0131t bulunmamakta fakat bunula birlikte Napier’in Fransa ve \u0130talya’daki \u00fcniversitelerde \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in \u0130sko\u00e7ya’dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n

Napier 1571’de memleketine d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve 1573’te Elizabeth Stirling ile evlendi. \u00c7iftin birlikte iki \u00e7ocu\u011fu oldu. Yirmili ya\u015flar\u0131nda, babas\u0131ndan kalan\u00a0 m\u00fclkler sayesinde rahat bir hayat ya\u015fad\u0131. 1574’te Gartness’deki m\u00fclk\u00fcnde bir kale in\u015fa edildi.<\/p>\n

Gartness kalesinde, Napier \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik faaliyetleri ile ilgilenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6zel olarak ilgi duydu\u011fu dini siyaset, tar\u0131m ve matematik alanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zaman\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Logaritma’n\u0131n \u0130cad\u0131 ve \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/h3>\n

Matematikte, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde do\u011fru ve kabul edilen ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ke\u015fifler yapt\u0131. 1594 y\u0131l\u0131nda logaritma \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Log hesaplamas\u0131 tekni\u011fini 1614 \u201cMirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio\u201d (Logaritmalar\u0131n Harika Tablosunun Tan\u0131m\u0131) ‘da yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Kitab\u0131nda elli yedi a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 madde sayfas\u0131 ve do\u011fal logaritmalarla ilgili say\u0131lar tablosuna ait doksan sayfa vard\u0131.\u00a0aritmetik ve geometrik dizinin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla, matemati\u011fe logaritma kavram\u0131n\u0131 getirdi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdekilerden farkl\u0131 olarak kurulan bu diziler, logaritmay\u0131, say\u0131n\u0131n azalan bir fonksiyonu olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Sistemine, eski Yunanca \u201clogos\u201d, yani orant\u0131 ve \u201caritmo\u201d, yani say\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen kelimeleri birle\u015ftirerek Logaritma ismini koydu.<\/p>\n

K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede tekni\u011fin \u00e7ok do\u011fru oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve eserleri farkl\u0131 dillere \u00e7evrildi. Logaritma y\u00f6ntemi astronomi, denizcilik ve trigonometrik hesaplamalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Napier\u2019in 1614 tarihli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir kopyas\u0131 Gresham Koleji profes\u00f6r\u00fc Henry Briggs\u2019e g\u00f6nderildi. Briggs’in tablolar \u00fczerindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Napier\u2019in y\u00f6ntemini daha da kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Napier Briggs’in \u00f6nerilerini kabul etti, ancak hasta nedeniyle yeni logaritma tablosunu haz\u0131rlaman\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu\u00a0 Briggs’e b\u0131rakt\u0131. Yeni tablolar 1624’te yay\u0131nland\u0131 ve ortak logaritma tablosu (Basit Logaritma) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Napier ayr\u0131ca, Simon Stevin taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131t\u0131lan ondal\u0131k notasyonu geli\u015ftirdi ve ondal\u0131k noktay\u0131 ortak kullan\u0131ma getirdi.<\/p>\n

Numaraland\u0131rma \u00c7ubuklar\u0131<\/h3>\n

Napier, 1617’de yay\u0131nlanan “Rabdologiae, Virulas Libri Duo i\u00e7in Selam Numerationis” (De\u011fnek Hesab\u0131 veya Rakamlanm\u0131\u015f De\u011fnekler \u00dczerine \u0130ki Kitap) adl\u0131 eserinde “Numaraland\u0131rma \u00c7ubuklar\u0131” n\u0131 kullanarak hesaplamalar\u0131 basitle\u015ftiren mekanik bir y\u00f6ntem sundu. \u00dczerlerine rakamlar yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7ubuklar fildi\u015finden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve kemiklere benziyordu.\u00a0Say\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7arpmak i\u00e7in kemikler yan yana yerle\u015ftiriliyor ve uygun sonu\u00e7lar okunuyordu. Bu hesaplama cihaz\u0131 daha sonra “Napier’in Kemikleri” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.\u00a0\u00c7arpma ve b\u00f6lme gibi bir\u00e7ok matematiksel fonksiyon \u015fimdi mekanik olarak elde edilebiliyordu. Bu cihaz analog bilgisayarlar\u0131n ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc hesap cetvellerinin\u00a0 geli\u015ftirilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Napier, babas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra 1608 y\u0131l\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Edinburgh’daki Merchiston Kalesi’nde, gut hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle, 4 Nisan’da, 1617 y\u0131l\u0131nda 67 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

John Napier, matematiksel hesaplamalara yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan logaritman\u0131n icad\u0131yla tan\u0131nan \u00fcnl\u00fc bir \u0130sko\u00e7 matematik\u00e7iydi.\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca ondal\u0131k notasyonu geli\u015ftirdi ve ondal\u0131k noktay\u0131 ortak kullan\u0131ma getirme konusunda \u00f6nc\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0Analog bilgisayarlar\u0131n ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcl\u00fc…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12000,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3117,2369],"tags":[1645,1641],"class_list":["post-9223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bilim-insanlari","category-mucitler","tag-john-napier","tag-logaritma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9223"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9223"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9223\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12001,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9223\/revisions\/12001"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12000"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}