{"id":977,"date":"2011-01-08T15:45:22","date_gmt":"2011-01-08T13:45:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=977"},"modified":"2018-02-25T23:51:02","modified_gmt":"2018-02-25T21:51:02","slug":"kursun-kalem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=977","title":{"rendered":"Kur\u015fun Kalemi kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kur\u015fun kalemin icad\u0131 ile ilgili bir \u00e7ok mucitten bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Tarihi 1565 y\u0131l\u0131nda bulunan grafitten ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. 1795 y\u0131l\u0131nda, birbirlerinden habersiz olarak Frans\u0131z Nicholas Jacques Conte<\/strong> ve Avusturyal\u0131 Josef Hardtmuth<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131. Her iki mucit de, kalemlerini grafiti bal\u00e7\u0131kla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra yumu\u015fak bir tahtan\u0131n i\u00e7ine yerle\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n

Tahtan\u0131n kolayl\u0131kla yontulabilmesi, grafite istenilen k\u0131vam\u0131n verilmesiyle de\u011fi\u015fik sertliklerde kur\u015funkalem yap\u0131labilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. Bu kalemle rahat\u00e7a yaz\u0131 yazmak ve resim yapmak, istendi\u011finde bunlar\u0131n kolayca silinebilmesi, kur\u015funkalemi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn vazge\u00e7ilemez ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri haline getirdi.<\/p>\n

Kur\u015fun kalemde\u00a0kulan\u0131lan grafitten ilk kez Alman vatanda\u015f\u0131 \u0130svi\u00e7reli do\u011fa tarih\u00e7isi Conrad Gesner<\/strong> 1565 y\u0131l\u0131nda bahsetmi\u015ftir. O d\u00f6nemde grafitin bir t\u00fcr kur\u015fun oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Gesner sonradan grafitin farkl\u0131 bir mineral oldu\u011funu ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Grafit par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 Sibirya T\u00fcrkleri kullanm\u0131\u015f ve ismine “Kara Ta\u015f” ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015flerdir.Bu bilgi yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 yy.dan itibarendir.T\u00fcrklerden Ruslara ge\u00e7en kalem, Rus\u00e7a ‘da \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0448 (karanda\u015f) ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130svi\u00e7reli kalem markas\u0131 Carandache de markas\u0131n\u0131 bu isimden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130lk ah\u015fap tutaklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen \u0130talyanlar olmu\u015ftur. \u0130lk tutaklar \u00c7okgen \u015feklinde olup, grafit ve kare prizma \u015feklinde bir \u00e7ubuktan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ancak bu kullan\u0131\u015fs\u0131z kalem \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar devam ettirilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle bir Trinidad Tabogo’lu \u00e7ift, Simonio<\/b> ve Lyndiana Bernacotti<\/b> adl\u0131 iki marangoz, marangozluk par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faretleme amac\u0131yla ilk modern ah\u015fap \u00e7ubuklu kalemi geli\u015ftirdiler. Onlar\u0131n geli\u015ftirdikleri bu kalem, oval ve daha d\u00fcz bir kalemdi. Bu taslak ilk olarak ard\u0131\u00e7 a\u011fac\u0131ndan \u00e7ukurlu bir \u00e7ubuk ile yap\u0131ld\u0131.K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u00fcst\u00fcn bir teknik ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131: \u0130ki ah\u015fap yar\u0131s\u0131 bir grafit tak\u0131l\u0131 ve iki yar\u0131s\u0131 sonra birlikte yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sopa. \u0130\u015fte bu y\u00f6ntem, bug\u00fcn kullan\u0131lan kur\u015fun kalemlerin yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f y\u00f6ntemini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kat\u0131 grafit i\u00e7in, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bilinen tek grafit kayna\u011f\u0131 \u0130ngiliz Seathwaite Fell madenleri’ydi. Fransa’da, kalem ihtiyac\u0131yla grafit ihtiyac\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ancak Fransa grafit ithalat\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremedi. Bunun \u00fczerine Napolyon’un ordusundan bir Subay, Nicholas Jacques Conte, 1795 y\u0131l\u0131nda kil ve toz grafitin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p tahta \u00e7ubuklarla f\u0131r\u0131na verilmesiyle olu\u015fturlan kalemler ke\u015ffetti. Kil-Grafit kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n oranlar\u0131 farkl\u0131 olarak, grafit \u00e7ubu\u011fun sertlik derecesi de farkl\u0131 olabiliyordu. Bu y\u00f6ntemle grafite olan ihtiya\u00e7 belli bir miktar azalt\u0131labilmekteydi. Bu y\u00f6ntem, 1790 y\u0131l\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere’de, t\u00fcm kalemlerde b\u0131\u00e7k\u0131 grafit yap\u0131lmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 y\u00f6ntem, Henry Bessemer’in 1938 y\u0131l\u0131nda kat\u0131 grafit i\u00e7ine s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan grafit tozunun b\u0131\u00e7k\u0131lanmas\u0131yd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece kalem tekrar kullan\u0131labiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Silgili Kur\u015fun Kalemler<\/h2>\n

30 Mart 1858 tarihinde, Hymen Limpman<\/strong> kalem arkas\u0131na silgi ba\u011flamak i\u00e7in ilk patent ald\u0131. 1862 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Limpman patentini Joseph Reckendorfer’e 100.00 Dolar’a satt\u0131. Joseph Reckendorfer, Faber-Castell’i patent ihlalinden dava etmi\u015fti. Ancak 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerikan Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi, Joseph Reckendorfer’in patentine ge\u00e7ersiz ilan\u0131 verdi. Kalemi silgiye ba\u011flayan metal halkaya y\u00fcks\u00fck denir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kur\u015fun kalemin icad\u0131 ile ilgili bir \u00e7ok mucitten bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Tarihi 1565 y\u0131l\u0131nda bulunan grafitten ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. 1795 y\u0131l\u0131nda, birbirlerinden habersiz olarak Frans\u0131z Nicholas Jacques Conte ve Avusturyal\u0131 Josef Hardtmuth taraf\u0131ndan…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10066,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[1025,1024,578],"class_list":["post-977","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim","tag-kalem","tag-kursun","tag-kursun-kalem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/977"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=977"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/977\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6814,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/977\/revisions\/6814"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/10066"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=977"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=977"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=977"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}