{"id":9912,"date":"2018-01-23T13:49:45","date_gmt":"2018-01-23T11:49:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=9912"},"modified":"2018-02-23T14:33:59","modified_gmt":"2018-02-23T12:33:59","slug":"abakusu-kim-buldu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/?p=9912","title":{"rendered":"Abak\u00fcs\u00fc kim buldu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Say\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesi olarak da bilinen abak\u00fcs, Hindu-Arap rakam sisteminin kabul edilmesinden y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6nce Avrupa, \u00c7in ve Rusya’da kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f bir hesaplama arac\u0131d\u0131r. Abak\u00fcs\u00fcn kesin kayna\u011f\u0131 bilinmemektedir. Bug\u00fcn kullan\u0131lan abak\u00fcsler genellikle teller \u00fczerinde kayan boncuklar ve ah\u015fap bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eskiden plastik boncuklar yerine fasulye, ta\u015f veya \u00e7amurdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f boncuklar kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Farkl\u0131 hesapmala ama\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re tasarlanm\u0131\u015f abak\u00fcsler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Boncuklar\u0131 onluk sistemle b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olan abak\u00fcsler aritmetik \u00f6\u011fretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Japon soroban\u0131 gibi tasar\u0131mlar, birka\u00e7 basamak i\u00e7eren pratik hesaplamalar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Abak\u00fcs ile toplama ve \u00e7arpma gibi temel i\u015flemlerin yan\u0131nda karek\u00f6k alma gibi daha karma\u015f\u0131k hesapmalamlar yap\u0131labilir. Abak\u00fcs ise do\u011fal olmayan say\u0131lar (1.5 ve 3\/4 gibi say\u0131lar) \u00fczerinde de \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hesap yamak i\u00e7in abak\u00fcs yerine hesap makineleri ve bilgisayarlar kullanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, hala baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde abak\u00fcs kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Do\u011fu Avrupa, Rusya, \u00c7in ve Afrika’n\u0131n baz\u0131 yerlerinde t\u00fcccarlar ve katipler abac\u0131 kullan\u0131yor ve hala aritmeti\u011fi, temel matematik hesaplamalar\u0131n\u0131\u00a0 \u00e7ocuklara \u00f6\u011fretmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. G\u00f6rme engelinden dolay\u0131 bir hesap makinesini kullanamayan ki\u015filer abak\u00fcs kullanarak hesaplama yapabilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Abak\u00fcs\u00fcn Tarihi<\/h3>\n

\u0130lk Abak\u00fcs – Mezopotamya,\u00a0 S\u00fcmer ve Babil Medeniyetleri<\/h4>\n

S\u00fcmer abak\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ilk ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 M.\u00d6. 2700-2300 d\u00f6neminde olmu\u015ftur. S\u00fcmerlerde babak\u00fcs altm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k say\u0131 sistemine dayanarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Baz\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131, Babil \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131lar\u0131na dayanarak abacusun ilk olarak Babillilerde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015flerdir. Babillilerin abak\u00fcs\u00fc toplama ve \u00e7\u0131kartma i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi, ancak bu ilkel cihaz\u0131n daha karma\u015f\u0131k hesaplamalar i\u00e7in kullanman\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna varm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u0131s\u0131r Abak\u00fcs\u00fc<\/h4>\n

Eski M\u0131s\u0131r’da abak\u00fcs\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131, Yunan tarih\u00e7i Herodotus taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Heredot “M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar \u00e7ak\u0131llar\u0131 sa\u011fdan sola, soldan sa\u011fa do\u011fru Yunan y\u00f6nteminin tersine\u00a0hareket ettiriyorlar” yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Arkeologlar, M\u0131s\u0131rda saya\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerde eski diskler bulmu\u015ftur. Bununla birlikte, M\u0131s\u0131srl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayat\u0131 duvarlara resmetme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atfen bu aletin duvar tasvirleri hen\u00fcz bulunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Pers Abak\u00fcs\u00fc<\/h4>\n

Achaemenid \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6neminde M.\u00d6. 600 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Persler abak\u00fcs kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Parthian, Sasani ve \u0130ran imparatorluklar\u0131ndaki akademisyenlerin, di\u011fer \u00fclkelere seyahat etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse, \u00e7evrelerindeki \u00fclkelerle (Hindistan, \u00c7in ve Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu) bilgi ve bulu\u015f al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finde bulundular.<\/p>\n

Antik Yunan Abak\u00fcs\u00fc<\/h4>\n

Antik Yunanda abak\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile ilgili en eski arkeolojik bulgular M.\u00d6. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131la dayanmaktad\u0131r. Demosthenes (M.\u00d6. 384 – M.\u00d6. 322) hesaplamalarda kafan\u0131z\u0131 zorlamaktansa \u00e7ak\u0131l ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 kullanma gereklili\u011finden bahsetmi\u015ftir. M.\u00d6. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan Alexis taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir oyun, hesaplama i\u00e7in bir abak\u00fcs ve \u00e7ak\u0131l ta\u015flar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmektedir. Hem Diogenes hem de Polybius, s\u0131raya dizilmi\u015f insanlar i\u00e7in abak\u00fcs \u00e7ak\u0131llar\u0131 gibi duran adamlar olarak nitelemi\u015flerdir.\u00a0 Yunan abak\u00fcs\u00fc, matematiksel hesaplamalar i\u00e7in ah\u015fap veya metal k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boncuklardan olu\u015fuyordu ah\u015fap veya mermer bir masa \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftu. Yunan abak\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn, Ahameni\u015f Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Etr\u00fcsk uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Antik Roma ve Frans\u0131z Devrimine kadar Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in Abak\u00fcs\u00fc –\u00a0Suanpan<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u00c7in abak\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bilinen en eski belgeleri M.\u00d6. 2. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Suanpan<\/strong> olarak da bilinen \u00c7in abak\u00fcs\u00fc (hesap makinesi, sayma tepsisi), genellikle 20 cm (8 in\u00e7) uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r ve kullanan ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli geni\u015fliklerde olabilir. \u00dczerinde genellikle yedi \u00e7ubuk veya daha fazlas\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u00dcst b\u00f6l\u00fcmde her \u00e7ubukta iki boncuk vard\u0131r ve altta her \u00e7ubukta be\u015f boncuk vard\u0131r. Boncuklar genellikle yuvarlakt\u0131r ve sert ah\u015faptan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Boncuklar, yukar\u0131ya veya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 do\u011fru kiri\u015fe do\u011fru hareket ettirilerek say\u0131l\u0131r; kiri\u015fe do\u011fru hareket eden boncuklar say\u0131l\u0131rken onlardan uzakta kalan boncuklar say\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

Suanpan, saymaktan ba\u015fka i\u015flevler i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131labilir. \u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim okullar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan basit say\u0131m tahtalar\u0131n\u0131n aksine, h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7arpma, b\u00f6lme, toplama, \u00e7\u0131karma, karek\u00f6k ve k\u00fcp k\u00f6k i\u015flemleri yapmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok verimli suanpan teknikleri geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. \u015eu anda hala \u00f6\u011frencilere suanpan\u0131n nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011freten okullar bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Say\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesi olarak da bilinen abak\u00fcs, Hindu-Arap rakam sisteminin kabul edilmesinden y\u00fczy\u0131llar \u00f6nce Avrupa, \u00c7in ve Rusya’da kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f bir hesaplama arac\u0131d\u0131r. Abak\u00fcs\u00fcn kesin kayna\u011f\u0131 bilinmemektedir. Bug\u00fcn kullan\u0131lan abak\u00fcsler genellikle…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9915,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[3125],"class_list":["post-9912","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim","tag-abakus"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9912"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9912"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9912\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9916,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9912\/revisions\/9916"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9915"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9912"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9912"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ilkkimbuldu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9912"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}